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AI Is Dividing Product Designers: Exploring vs. Building

2026-11-13 06:18:32

The AI split in product design

A week ago, I attended PUSH UX in Munich, Europe's largest conference on product design and user experience, featuring speakers from Anthropic, Wise, Google, IKEA, n8n, and other prominent organizations. On my way home, I kept thinking about one recurring theme: product design teams are approaching AI from fundamentally different perspectives.

Me, on the first day of the conference

Some are cautiously experimenting with AI while trying to fit it into established processes. Others have already integrated it into their daily workflows, connecting research, prototyping, design, and code with fewer handoffs. The difference goes beyond tool adoption. It reflects how teams understand their work, organize collaboration, and measure product value.

The trap of "AI everything."

Paulo Oliveira, Global Innovation & Technology Manager at IKEA

Paulo Oliveira from IKEA highlighted a fundamental problem with the way organizations approach AI:

"Most efforts start with tools, copilots, and automation, and mistake faster cycles for value. The result is a pile of pilots nobody adopted, and a lot of people wondering what happened to the work they were good at. The alternative: to build something that fits, lasts, and makes an organization better at what it already does well. That starts by refusing the AI first, AI everything instinct."

I think this captures one of the central challenges in product design today.

Adding AI to an existing workflow can make individual tasks faster without improving the product or the way a team operates. Organizations can accumulate tools and experiments while leaving the underlying processes unchanged.

Meaningful adoption starts with understanding where teams lose time, which handoffs create friction, and where AI can improve how products are researched, designed, built, and validated.

Expanding Designer Ownership

For years, product design and software development operated as distinct stages. Designers worked in Figma, documented interactions, prepared specifications, and handed their work to engineers for implementation. This division made sense when building and testing functional interfaces required substantial engineering resources. AI-assisted development is changing that relationship.

After years of designing fintech and blockchain-based products, I kept encountering the same limitation: I could design an experience without having full control over how it was implemented.

About a year ago, I started building websites and applications from scratch with AI tools. As I described in my previous HackerNoon article, Claude Code Finally Made Me an Engineer After 10 Years in Figma, my workflow shifted from almost entirely Figma to roughly 90% Claude Code.

Working closer to production code lets me build, test, and iterate on interfaces directly, with fewer handoffs between design and engineering.

For product teams, this opens up several possibilities:

  • Connected workflows: Research, UI design, prototyping, implementation, and validation can become more continuous.
  • Greater ownership: Designers can participate more directly in implementation and take responsibility for more of the product experience.
  • Leaner teams: AI can reduce coordination overhead and help smaller teams explore and ship functional products.
  • Broader capabilities: Designers can connect product development with disciplines such as SEO, GEO, and ASO.

This doesn't mean every designer needs to become a full-time software engineer. Deep specialization remains essential, particularly in complex products. However, designers can work closer to implementation and contribute beyond the traditional boundaries of their roles.

Another exciting development is how AI is changing prototyping. Think about how difficult it used to be to create an interactive prototype for a specific device, such as an Apple Watch or an in-car infotainment system. Even without writing production code, designers can now use AI to build interactive prototypes tailored to specific hardware and explore how their ideas work in real-world contexts.

From faster execution to lasting value.

As AI makes prototyping, coding, and exploring alternatives easier, the focus of design work is shifting toward decision-making and product quality. Understanding whether it solves the right problem, meets user needs, and works reliably requires experience and critical judgment.

Julia Bastian, Product AI Lead at Alasco

This is where faster workflows can create lasting value. Teams have more opportunities to test assumptions, explore alternatives, and identify problems before committing significant resources to a solution. However, individual productivity gains aren't enough. Organizations need to connect design, engineering, and product teams around shared workflows, clear quality standards, and meaningful evaluation of AI-generated output.

I'm particularly interested in how this can shape an AI-first product culture. The goal is to encourage experimentation while maintaining the technical rigor, security, and reliability that deep tech products demand.

Many designers argue that AI-generated product experiences lack quality. Are they right? Sometimes. Can the results improve? Absolutely.

AI-assisted research and discovery can produce shallow or generic results, especially when designers rely on AI without applying their own expertise and critical judgment. The quality of the outcome depends on how thoughtfully people guide, evaluate, and refine the process. Julia Bastian from Alasco explored this challenge in a session on AI discovery slop, examining how to recognize and address low-quality AI-generated research and insights.

Looking Ahead

The PUSH UX conference reinforced how differently the design community is responding to AI. Some teams are still finding their footing, while others are already changing how they work. My own experience has made me more comfortable working across design, product strategy, and engineering, but every team will need to find its own approach.

The important shift is to reconsider established workflows, explore where new capabilities can make a difference, and take greater ownership of business outcomes.


👍 Liked this article? Follow me on X and LinkedIn.

💬 Designers and product builders: share how AI coding tools are changing your workflows and the way you collaborate with engineering.

96 Blog Posts To Learn About Telegram

2026-11-13 05:00:39

Let's learn about Telegram via these 96 free blog posts. They are ordered by HackerNoon reader engagement data. Visit the Learn Repo or LearnRepo.com to find the most read blog posts about any technology.

Telegram is a cloud-based mobile and desktop messaging app known for its focus on speed and security. It matters as a platform for secure communication, community building, and distributing information, offering features like channels and bots.

1. How to Create and Deploy a Telegram Bot?

<strong><em>(you may skip it if you already know what to do with your bot)</em></strong>

2. How I Recovered Deleted Telegram Messages and Media (and You Can Too)

Telegram deleted messages recovery guide: Learn how to retrieve group chat messages and media using Telegram API, admin logs, and open-source tools.

3. How to Create a Simple Bash Shell Script to Send Messages on Telegram

In this article, you will walk through the creation of a simple Bash shell script to send messages to Telegram messenger using the Curl command. Then you will use this script to send a notification on every ssh login into your server.

4. Pioneering Telegram-Integrated DeFi: An Interview with Storm Trade Co-Founder Denis Vasin

Denis Vasin, Co-Founder & Lead Dev of Storm Trade, shares insights on the platform's Telegram integration, $STORM token launch, and vision

5. From Python to Telegram: Build your own Notification System

Learn how to send messages from python script to Telegram chat.

6. Telegram VS WhatsApp: An Honest Comparison

Telegram and WhatsApp are two popular instant messaging apps known to app users all over the globe. Read a honest comparison of both apps from an app user.

7. Integrate Your Telegram Bot With Real World via ESP32/ESP8266 Arduino Microcontroller

Controlling the queue to our office gaming room by Arduino-based Telegram. The Arduino with servo motor was installed to lock and unlock the door

8. [A Step by Step Guide] Build Your Expert Advisor Telegram Bot to Query Forex Trade Orders via MT4

Introduction

9. AI Chatbot Helps Manage Telegram Communities Like a Pro

The Telegram chatbot will find answers to questions by extracting information from the history of chat messages.

10. How to Get Unlimited Cloud Storage on Telegram App

Unlimited cloud storage for storing photos, videos, and files using the Telegram App. The best alternative to Google Drive and Google Photos.

11. Insecure by Design: As Millions Flock to Telegram, 7 Reasons to Question the App's Privacy Claims

Telegram is not the gold-standard for secure messaging that it paints itself to be. Here are 7 reasons why.

12. Let's Build a Telegram Bot in Rust. Part 1

Building telegram bot using Rust.

13. What's wrong with stickers in Telegram? Deanonymize anonymous channels in two clicks

Did you know that Telegram stickers can give you away? In this article, I will teach you how to deanonymize anonymous channel authors using a module for Maltego

14. How You Can Control Your Smart Home Through a Telegram Bot

You’ve got your smart home fully set up. You regularly like to show off with your friends how cool it is to turn on light bulbs, play videos and movies with a hint to your voice assistant, make coffee and adjust the thermostat with a tap on an app. Congratulations!

15. How to Create a Telegram Bot Using Ruby

I was tasked with creating a telegram bot using ruby a while back. I had no idea where to start and just like any other programmer out there I turned to the internet for clues. I did not find a good article and hence experienced a lot of problems creating the bot. I have decided to write an article to explain how to create a telegram bot from scratch.

16. Build Your own Telegram Bot with AWS and Node.js

Automate thankless tasks like splitting grocery bills using a Telegram Bot and AWS.

17. Telegram Bots: How They Are Used

Telegram bots have a variety of functions; they range from setting notifications to website monitoring. Find out more about how these bots are being used here.

18. Building a Simple Telegram Bot With Node.js and GrammY

This tutorial will guide you through the process of creating a simple Telegram bot using JavaScript, Node.js and GrammY.

19. How Much Did Hamster Kombat Earn and Why Are Users Unhappy?

In this article, I want to explain how the Hamster Kombat game business works—how much the community members earn and possible project earnings.

20. Will Facebook and Telegram Kill Bitcoin and Ethereum?

2019 has marked itself not only with the end of the crypto winter but also with time when established technology companies entered the blockchain field. Telegram is going to release its own blockchain with the goal of processing millions of transactions per second. Facebook plans to introduce Libra coin to facilitate payments for 1.7 billion unbanked but connected people.

21. Creating a Telegram Bot for my Friend's Business

Last week my friend asked for help with coding a Telegram bot for the VIP 😏 customers of his herbs shop.

22. 10 Methods to Build Your Telegram Crypto Community

Grow your Telegram crypto community with 10 effective methods, from feedback to marketing strategies.

23. We Tried Hacking Telegram's Cryptocurrency TON For 3 Straight Weeks [Part I]

Summary of https://contest.com/blockchain from BUTTON Wallet Team

24. Creating Telegram Bots with n8n, a No-Code Platform

I am a big fan of Telegram because of its great bot-ecosystem. I have been planning to make a bot for a while and have been looking for some nice workflow tools that can help me accomplish handling the back-end workflow of the bots visually. Recently, I started working with n8n, a fair-code licensed tool that helps you automate tasks, sync data between various sources and react to events all via a visual workflow editor.

25. How to Build a Bitcoin Telegram Bot

I created a simple Telegram bot that could retrieve Bitcoin's Price to convince my friends that Telegram is far superior to Whatsapp.

26. Telegram Bot In Scala 3 With Bot4s + http4s + Doobie for CI notifications

Scala 3 is finally here, but have you seen many real-world applications written in it? In this article, I will show you an example of such an application!

27. Transform Your Life: How Plasma Telegram Bot and ChatGPT 4 Boost Professional & Personal Success 10x

🚀 Introducing Plasma ChatGPT & Image AI Assistant: Revolutionize your efficiency with 160+ professional roles at your fingertips! 🌟 Unleash your potential.

28. From $0 to $5,000/Month With Telegram Channels: My Story

I have several Telegram channels, in Russian and English. I earn about $5,000 a month from them.

29. The Importance of a Strong Community in the Blockchain Ecosystem

Why strong communities are important for blockchain projects

30. How to Run API Tests With Newman And Send Results to Telegram

How about running your Postman collections of API requests and automatically getting a meaningful report right in Telegram? Let's do it in one small script! 🔥

31. Putting Web3 In People’s Pockets: A Discussion With Grindery CoFounder Tim Delhaes

Grindery co-founder Tim Delhaes discusses how account abstraction and integration of web3 stack to privacy-focused message apps can increase web3 adoption.

32. How to Create a Telegram Bot for Monitoring Your Service Uptime in Python (Part 2/3: Alerting)

In part 2 of 3, we explore simple altering for Telegram bots when the system starts to fail.

33. What Happens When Telegram's 1 Billion Users Get Access to Ethical AI? AlphaTON Has a Plan

AlphaTON partners with SingularityNET to deploy hydroelectric-powered GPUs for Telegram's Cocoon AI network in Sweden.

34. How to Develop a React Native Library for Telegram’s TDLib: Part 1

Getting started with Telegram TDLib in React Native: Exploring authorization, user profile retrieval, and the first steps into native code.

35. Crypto Telegram Detox: The Only 7 Telegram Channels You Need in 2023

Get rid of useless telegram channels that shill crypto scams and ads. Here you'll find the list of 7 best telegram channels for crypto and web3.

36. The Benefits of Utilizing Telegram for your Business

Telegram Marketing is a method of attracting and retaining new consumers through the creation of Telegram communities

37. Telegram Bots Have Helped Pave The Way for dApps

2020 is shaping up to be the year of dApps! New communities are forming around cryptocurrency and they are asking for just one thing: decentralization. All the services and platforms you are accessing online right now can be decentralized in one way or another.

38. Telegram VS WhatsApp VS Utopia

You can get confused in a wide variety of different messengers. Some apps offer versatility, others a user-friendly interface and others guarantee the privacy and security of users.

39. How Telegram Became The Mecca For Memecoins

Today, with the crypto market experiencing a rebound, the social media preference is now in favor of Telegram, boasting almost a billion users

40. Fight Telegram Impersonators With A Bit Of Common Sense And A Dash Of Vigilance

The number, frequency, and scale of scams involving impersonations are growing like fungi. It’s probably the sign of our times and it’s worrisome.

41. Telegram: Crypto Island's bridge to the mainland

Crypto is a relatively insulated emerging technology, making the path to mass adoption uniquely challenging. While blockchain projects promise to disrupt ...

42. Is Telegram Premium Worth Buying?

Telegram Premium was released in June this year. It brings added customization features, increased limits, and an ad-free experience.

43. Telegram Mini Apps Are Breathing New Life Into Businesses

Telegram Mini Apps for business are a cross-platform alternative to apps and websites, boosting user acquisition while minimizing deployment lag.

44. I asked the Portal One+ Telegram AI assistant to review itself. Here's how it went

The Portal One+ Telegram bot assistant, built on the OpenClaw runtime, aims to be fundamentally different to other AI assistants within Telegram

45. Dating in the Metaverse? Seal it With an NFT

71% of Millennials and 79% of Generation Z in the U.S. admit to feeling lonely. 60% of Tinder users say the same. NFT vows, social connections in the metaverse,

46. Is Telegram Digging Its Own Grave?

Pavel Durov, the founder of Telegram, wants to introduce Web 3.0 technologies into the instant messaging app in a contested move.

47. Catchain Consensus Algorithm of Telegram's TON Blockchain [A Deep Dive]

In our previous review, we made a detailed overview of Telegram Open Network and the specific features in the operation of key nodes (validators) of TON Blockchain. In this article, we will elaborate on one of the key aspects affecting the security and correct operation of the TON blockchain – a protocol allowing to achieve consensus between the network validators that are thoroughly described in the recently released document Catchain Consensus: An Outline authored by Nikolay Durov.

48. [Analysis] News Distribution of Telegram's GRAM Token Sale on Liquid Cryptocurrency Exchange

On June 11, Techcrunch.com and the Liquid cryptocurrency exchange website published news that the sale of the alleged Telegram tokens will start on July 10. The newsworthy event has caught buzz within the cryptocurrency community, and based on it we have decided to explore the channels and the news flash sequence, namely which sites are most effective and what tools can be used to make the newsworthy event even more noticeable.

49. Fast Prototyping With Azure Functions and TDD

I Had an Idea

50. How I Built a Simple Forex App with Telegram Bots and AWS Lambda

As a freelancer working for different countries, I needed to optimize my currency exchange. So, I built a simple forex app with AWS Lamda and Telegram bots.

51. How to Create a Telegram Bot for Monitoring Your Service Uptime in Python (Part 3: Getting Graphs)

After a couple of days of using the service described in previous articles, I felt the need to also get graphs directly in Telegram.

52. Increasing Your Productivity With Telegram and Node.js

Some time ago I searched for an easy way to establish a communication channel between a mobile device and a Node.js webserver. My goal was to exchange messages over this channel and receive information about the weather, public transportation and more.

For example I send the message /train and receive a response with realtime details about train departure times of preconfigured routes. So the Node.js server receives the incoming message, processes it and sends a response back to the client.

53. Telegram Games Have Boring Marketing Strategies

Why Telegram games need to do better with marketing.

54. From Zero to 45k Users: How We Created a Chatbot To Track Airfares

Everything started when my mate was going on a vacation to Spain. Every single day, he checked the airlines’ websites to find the cheapest ticket and manually monitored prices of a certain flight. All these attempts were tedious, humdrum, and time-consuming for him.

55. How to Create a Telegram Chatbot

In this article, we will learn how to create a chatbot in the Telegram messenger app from scratch. No special knowledge is required, but Python knowledge helps.

56. Solidity Is to Ethereum What Tact Is to TON — How to Build a Voting Smart Contract on TON Using Tact

Learn how to build a voting smart contract using Tact on the TON blockchain — from writing code to deploying and testing in the TON Web IDE.

57. Telegram messenger advertising platform partners with FreeTON Blockchain

Being in close proximity to the consumer is the cherished dream of every brand and it's key to a successful marketing strategy. What could be closer than a messenger? We communicate with friends and relatives, we look at it hundreds of times a day. Messenger has become a crucial part of everyday life.

58. Wallet in Telegram Lists Monad, Enabling Telegram TGE Trading & Expanding MON Distribution

Wallet in Telegram users will be able to deposit, withdraw and trade MON directly within the app. The listing will be accompanied by a dedicated native MON stak

59. The Challenge Of Sustaining Mini-Game Momentum On Telegram

The problem of sustaining momentum within Telegram mini-games, from engaging with users to integrating blockchain solutions that will guarantee long-term succe

60. Privacy Protection: How Secure is Telegram Messenger?

Is Telegram messenger secure enough for private messages and group chats? Can Telegram protect the privacy of users? We did research on this.

61. The “New Bitcoin on Telegram” GRAM Surges 28,000 Times in Price In Just 3 Months After Launch

GRAM - a new token on the TON blockchain, was launched on January 30th. Since its launch, the price of GRAM has skyrocketed 28,000 times.

62. Telegram Games Are Fastly Becoming Red Flags 🚩

Telegram games are fast becoming scams. Personal experience with a Telegram game's founder.

63. Monetag Unveils New Monetization Option for Telegram Mini Apps via Rewarded Interstitial Ads

Monetag, a monetization platform, announces a new traffic monetization opportunity for Telegram Mini Apps owners - monetizing their app audience.

64. I bet Pavel Durov wishes Telegram was like Bitcoin

Bitcoin is not a social media site and cannot be one. Social media is full of noise and hype.

65. The Lockstep Toward Banning Encryption: On Durov, Telegram, and Potential Implications

Encryption is a human right - the right to privacy and to personal expression.

66. TON Community Launches Free Version of Telegram Open Blockchain

Free TON Blockchain and tokens are launching today by the decentralized community, which claims that Telegram needs to step away from the project.

67. Building a Telegram Bot to Monitor BNB Chain Wallet Activity with GetBlock

Learn to build a Node.js Telegram bot with Telegraf that tracks BNB Chain wallet activity in real-time using WebSockets like GetBlock.

68. How I Created My Own Telegram Bot - Pt. 2 Explanation and Markups

Explore how I built a language-learning Telegram bot with NestJS, a powerful Node.js framework. Follow along as I detail the development process and share insig

69. Using an API to Return a Daily Poem in Telegram to Celebrate World Poetry Day

Learn how to create an automated workflow with n8n that gets international poems, translates them into one language, and sends a poem in Telegram every day.

70. From Innovator to Inmate? The Arrest of Telegram’s Founder and Its Global Fallout

Telegram CEO Pavel Durov's arrest sparks a heated debate on privacy vs. security.

71. How to Build a Simple Telegram Bot: An Introductory Guide

This article demonstrates how to create a simple chatbot in Telegram and configuring it using Quickwork Journey Builder.

72. Pavel Durov Arrest: Is This a Fight Against Crime or an Attempt to Censor Telegram?

Why Pavel Durov was arrested in France? A description of legal conflict between Telegram and EU authorities.

73. How I Created My Own Telegram Bot - Pt. 3 Final

Discover the revolutionary features of my new Telegram bot in this exclusive HackerNoon article. Learn how our app integrates cutting-edge technology

74. 52 Stories To Learn About Telegram

Learn everything you need to know about Telegram via these 52 free HackerNoon stories.

75. Alternatives to WhatsApp: Five Messaging Apps to Consider Instead of WhatsApp

People have been switching from WhatsApp to other messaging apps; for a good reason. Here are five new apps taking the place of WhatsApp now in the tech space.

76. Creating a Bash Shell Script That Alerts Via Telegram if Your Zetachain Validator Gets Jailed

In this article, we’re going to show you how to create tooling that alerts you via Telegram if your node is jailed.

77. Hong Kong: A Crowd Sourced Revolution

Two months ago a bill that would allow the extradition of Hong Kong’s criminal suspects to China led to a revolt that is still going on. The 5th of August, some 64 days after the main protests started, saw Hong Kong’s first general strike in over 50 years.

78. Skip the SSL w/ Serverless Telegram Bot via Now.js

Note: these directions come without much conversation, let the hacking begin!

79. Democratizing Cryptocurrency With Chat-Based Wallets

Chat-based cryptocurrency wallets integrate with p2p chat and online community apps and platforms to simplify crypto transactions.

80. EVM dApps Now Just One Tap Away in Telegram via TAC

Positioned as a purpose-built Layer 1 blockchain instead of a Layer 2, TAC promises Telegram’s billion-strong user base one-tap access to Ethereum-grade DeFi.

81. Telegram's TON is Dead: Alternatives, Feasibility, And What Lies Ahead

TON alternatives and why Telegram Open Network failed as a project. What can we expect from other projects

82. TON Foundation Enlists The Support Of Elliptic To Provide Ecosystem Analysis And Security

Elliptic joins forces with TON Foundation, fortifying the Telegram-based Web3 ecosystem against illicit activities, fostering crypto security.

83. Will Consumer Adoption of Web3 Ever Take Off?

Consumer adoption in web3 and how chains are positioning themselves for mass adoption.

84. The New Era of In-Messenger Games: How Asia’s Innovations and Web3 Technology are Shaping the Future

WeChat and Kakao have merged gaming with messaging, while Telegram is shaping the GameFi future. Learn about a new era of in-messenger gaming.

85. Wallet in Telegram Launches Cross Chain Deposits in Self Custodial TON Wallet

Users can now deposit USDC or USDT from Ether, Solana, TRON, BSC, Polygon, Arbitrum, and Base directly in Wallet in Telegram. The integration manages cross-chai

86. Dive into Web3 Contracts with Hardhat and Node.js Vol.3

Crafting Telegram bot-driven NFTs, and delving into Web3 and blockchain tech for creative enthusiasts.

87. TripleA's CEO Says Your Telegram Feed Is About to Get Smarter

Interview with Oleksandr Savieliev, CEO and Founder of TripleA, a Telegram mini-app and cross-market news aggregator that combines feeds for 90+ sources

88. AlphaTON Capital Corp Announces $15 Million Registered Direct Offering

The Company has entered into a definitive agreement for the purchase of an aggregate of 15,000,000 of its ordinary shares (or pre-funded warrants in lieu thereo

89. Telegram and The Collaborative Community

Telegram strives to maintain an active and healthy community of volunteers. However, the big question is, why create these spaces for participation?

90. Link-To-Earn Incentive Model: A Blueprint For Mass Adoption?

Notcoin and UXLINK are the two breakout projects built on the social messaging app Telegram.

91. A Recap of WePlay's AMA on CryptoSquad Community

WePlay hosted an AMA (Ask Me Anything) session on the CryptoSquad Telegram channel. Here's what went down.

92. The Noonification: Why Software Updates Can Lead to Cyberattacks — and What to Do (8/28/2024)

8/28/2024: Top 5 stories on the HackerNoon homepage!

93. What Crypto Can Learn From Russia’s War On Telegram

https://hackernoon.com/what-crypto-can-learn-from-russias-war-on-telegram-febb841ea880

94. Introducing: The Gun.io Telegram Bot

The Gun.io Telegram bot streamlines the job searching process for software developers by integrating their job searching tools with their Telegram workflow.

95. The Noonification: 10 Methods to Build Your Telegram Crypto Community (8/16/2024)

8/16/2024: Top 5 stories on the HackerNoon homepage!

96. WeFi Launches Wenix, A Telegram Game Directly Contributing To Token Mining

Wenix integrates competitive skill-based gameplay with an earning mechanism connected to the WeFi ecosystem, combining entertainment with decentralized finance.

Thank you for checking out the 96 most read blog posts about Telegram on HackerNoon.

Visit the /Learn Repo to find the most read blog posts about any technology.

138 Open Source OCR and PDF Parsers Ranked by GitHub Stars: PaddleOCR, MinerU, Tesseract and More

2026-11-13 01:52:14

PaddleOCR (92.6K stars) beats MinerU (83.5K) and Tesseract (77.5K) as the most-starred open source OCR project on GitHub. Below are all 138 OCR and document-parsing repos with 1,000+ stars in the Text Mining directory, ranked.

Every RAG pipeline eventually hits the same wall: the PDF. Before a language model can answer anything about your contracts, papers or invoices, something has to turn pixels and layout into clean text. The tools for that job are splitting into two camps. In HackerNoon's comparison of OCR and vision LLMs, template-based OCR breaks when layouts shift, while vision LLMs read documents more flexibly but cost more at volume. The author's verdict: "It could mostly be a hybrid approach."

Meanwhile, the vision models are shrinking. Xiaomi-OCR-0 handles text, tables and formulas with 0.8B parameters, and TeleOCR does structured document parsing with 1.2B. This list is the "show me everything" version of that landscape.

How this list was built

The Text Mining directory tracks the 3,141 most-starred open source text mining projects on GitHub (100+ stars, no forks or archived repos). Its OCR & Documents filter tags 321 of them, which together hold about 1.24M stars. We kept repos with 1,000+ stars (161) and removed 23 that are tagged OCR but aren't really OCR or document tools: generic AI course repos, an inference framework, a clipboard syncer, and captcha solvers, which we chose not to promote. That leaves 138. Star counts are from the directory's November 11, 2026 snapshot.

A few patterns stand out in the full category:

  • Python owns it. 158 of the 321 OCR repos are Python. Next are C++ and TypeScript (21 each).
  • The licenses are mostly permissive. 111 are MIT and 80 are Apache-2.0. But some heavy hitters are copyleft, including PyMuPDF (AGPL-3.0) and paperless-ngx (GPL-3.0), so check before you ship.
  • The new wave is "PDF to LLM-ready Markdown." MinerU, opendataloader-pdf, liteparse, zerox, chandra, Dolphin and GLM-OCR all describe their output as data for AI, not just text.
  • Translation is a hidden OCR use case. Manga, visual novel, game and subtitle translators make up a surprising share of the top 50.

Quick picks by job

The full list: 138 open source OCR and document-parsing repos, ranked by stars

  1. PaddleOCR by PaddlePaddle: 92.6K stars, Python, Apache-2.0. Turn any PDF or image document into structured data for your AI. A powerful, lightweight OCR…
  2. MinerU by opendatalab: 83.5K stars, Python, other license. Transforms complex documents like PDFs and Office docs into LLM-ready markdown/JSON for your…
  3. tesseract by tesseract-ocr: 77.5K stars, C++, Apache-2.0. Tesseract Open Source OCR Engine (main repository).
  4. Umi-OCR by hiroi-sora: 48.6K stars, Python, MIT. OCR software, free and offline.
  5. paperless-ngx by paperless-ngx: 48K stars, Python, GPL-3.0. A community-supported supercharged document management system: scan, index and archive all…
  6. ShareX by ShareX: 40.9K stars, C#, GPL-3.0. ShareX is a free and open-source application that enables users to capture or record any area…
  7. tesseract.js by naptha: 38.8K stars, JavaScript, Apache-2.0. Pure Javascript OCR for more than 100 Languages.
  8. OCRmyPDF by ocrmypdf: 35.3K stars, Python, MPL-2.0. OCRmyPDF adds an OCR text layer to scanned PDF files, allowing them to be searched.
  9. opendataloader-pdf by opendataloader-project: 30.3K stars, Java, Apache-2.0. PDF Parser for AI-ready data. Automate PDF accessibility. Open-source.
  10. EasyOCR by JaidedAI: 30.1K stars, Python, Apache-2.0. Ready-to-use OCR with 80+ supported languages and all popular writing scripts including Latin…
  11. LaTeX-OCR by lukas-blecher: 16.6K stars, Python, MIT. pix2tex: Using a ViT to convert images of equations into LaTeX code.
  12. unstructured by Unstructured-IO: 15.7K stars, HTML, Apache-2.0. Convert documents to structured data effortlessly. Unstructured is open-source ETL solution…
  13. Skill_Seekers by yusufkaraaslan: 15.3K stars, Python, MIT. Convert documentation websites, GitHub repositories, and PDFs into Claude AI skills with…
  14. Easydict by tisfeng: 15.3K stars, Swift, GPL-3.0. macOS dictionary and translation app with offline OCR.
  15. LunaTranslator by HIllya51: 14.1K stars, C++, GPL-3.0. Visual novel translator with OCR text capture.
  16. liteparse by run-llama: 13K stars, Rust, Apache-2.0. A fast, helpful, and open-source document parser.
  17. chandra by datalab-to: 12.7K stars, Python, Apache-2.0. OCR model that handles complex tables, forms, handwriting with full layout.
  18. chineseocr_lite by DayBreak-u: 12.4K stars, C++, GPL-2.0. Ultra-light Chinese OCR with vertical-text support.
  19. zerox by getomni-ai: 12.3K stars, TypeScript, MIT. OCR & Document Extraction using vision models.
  20. PyMuPDF by pymupdf: 11.1K stars, Python, AGPL-3.0. PyMuPDF is a high performance Python library for data extraction, analysis, conversion &…
  21. manga-image-translator by zyddnys: 10.6K stars, Python, GPL-3.0. One-click translation of text inside manga and images.
  22. Bob by ripperhe: 9.8K stars, Other, no license. macOS translation and OCR app.
  23. video-subtitle-extractor by YaoFANGUK: 9.7K stars, Python, Apache-2.0. Extracts hard-coded subtitles from video into SRT, locally.
  24. Dolphin by bytedance: 9.1K stars, Python, other license. The official repo for "Dolphin: Document Image Parsing via Heterogeneous Anchor Prompting"…
  25. STranslate by STranslate: 8.6K stars, C#, MIT. A ready-to-go translation ocr tool developed with WPF/WPF.
  26. RapidOCR by RapidAI: 8.5K stars, Python, Apache-2.0. Awesome OCR multiple programing languages toolkits based on ONNX Runtime, OpenVINO, MNN…
  27. omniparse by adithya-s-k: 7.9K stars, Python, GPL-3.0. Ingest, parse, and optimize any data format from documents to multimedia for enhanced…
  28. tessdata by tesseract-ocr: 7.7K stars, Other, Apache-2.0. Trained models with fast variant of the "best" LSTM models + legacy models.
  29. GLM-OCR by zai-org: 7.6K stars, Python, Apache-2.0. GLM-OCR: Accurate × Fast × Comprehensive.
  30. unstract by Zipstack: 7.4K stars, Python, AGPL-3.0. LLM-Driven Extraction of Unstructured Data — Built for API Deployments & ETL Pipeline Workflows.
  31. eSearch by xushengfeng: 7.4K stars, TypeScript, GPL-3.0. Screenshot, offline OCR, search and translate tool.
  32. snow-shot by mg-chao: 6.9K stars, C++, other license. Snow Shot is free, open-source screenshot software and a screen recording tool for Windows and…
  33. donut by clovaai: 6.9K stars, Python, MIT. Official Implementation of OCR-free Document Understanding Transformer (Donut) and Synthetic…
  34. pdf-craft by oomol-lab: 6.6K stars, Python, MIT. PDF craft can convert PDF files into various other formats. This project will focus on…
  35. doctr by mindee: 6.4K stars, Python, Apache-2.0. docTR (Document Text Recognition) - a seamless, high-performing & accessible library for…
  36. PaddleX by PaddlePaddle: 6.3K stars, Python, Apache-2.0. All-in-One Development Tool based on PaddlePaddle.
  37. Parsr by axa-group: 6.2K stars, JavaScript, Apache-2.0. Transforms PDF, Documents and Images into Enriched Structured Data.
  38. chineseocr by chineseocr: 6.1K stars, Python, MIT. YOLOv3 + CRNN Chinese OCR.
  39. Translumo by ramjke: 5.9K stars, C#, Apache-2.0. Advanced real-time screen translator for games, hardcoded subtitles in videos, static text and…
  40. layout-parser by Layout-Parser: 5.8K stars, Python, Apache-2.0. A Unified Toolkit for Deep Learning Based Document Image Analysis.
  41. BallonsTranslator by dmMaze: 5.3K stars, Python, GPL-3.0. Deep-learning-assisted comic translation tool.
  42. Text-Grab by TheJoeFin: 5.1K stars, C#, MIT. Use OCR in Windows quickly and easily with Text Grab. With optional background process and…
  43. modlens by liustack: 4.9K stars, TypeScript, MIT. The first vision plugin for DeepSeek Harness, and the vision bridge for every text-only coding…
  44. naps2 by cyanfish: 4.8K stars, C#, other license. Scan documents to PDF and more, as simply as possible.
  45. mmocr by open-mmlab: 4.7K stars, Python, Apache-2.0. OpenMMLab Text Detection, Recognition and Understanding Toolbox.
  46. SwiftOCR by NMAC427: 4.6K stars, Swift, Apache-2.0. Fast and simple OCR library written in Swift.
  47. KillerPDF by SteveTheKiller: 4.4K stars, C#, GPL-3.0. Free and open-source PDF editor for Windows with a built-in PDF 2.0 engine. View, annotate…
  48. deep-text-recognition-benchmark by clovaai: 3.9K stars, Jupyter Notebook, Apache-2.0. Text recognition (optical character recognition) with deep learning methods, ICCV 2019.
  49. OXR by SoMarkAI: 3.8K stars, Python, other license. An open-source document parsing model with SOTA accuracy and speed, using an RSI loop during…
  50. TextRecognitionDataGenerator by Belval: 3.7K stars, Python, MIT. A synthetic data generator for text recognition.
  51. AdelaiDet by aim-uofa: 3.5K stars, Python, other license. AdelaiDet is an open source toolbox for multiple instance-level detection and recognition tasks.
  52. text-detection-ctpn by eragonruan: 3.4K stars, Python, MIT. Text detection mainly based on ctpn model in tensorflow, id card detect, connectionist text…
  53. CRAFT-pytorch by clovaai: 3.4K stars, Python, MIT. Official implementation of Character Region Awareness for Text Detection (CRAFT).
  54. TTime by InkTimeRecord: 3.4K stars, TypeScript, other license. Screenshot, OCR and translation app.
  55. Pix2Text by breezedeus: 3.3K stars, Jupyter Notebook, MIT. An Open-Source Python3 tool with SMALL models for recognizing layouts, tables, math formulas…
  56. deepdoctection by deepdoctection: 3.3K stars, Python, Apache-2.0. A Repo For Document AI.
  57. manga-translator-ui by hgmzhn: 3.2K stars, Python, GPL-3.0. Desktop UI for manga OCR and translation.
  58. text-extract-api by CatchTheTornado: 3.2K stars, Python, MIT. Document (PDF, Word, PPTX ...) extraction and parse API using state of the art modern OCRs +…
  59. gosseract by otiai10: 3.1K stars, Go, MIT. Go package for OCR (Optical Character Recognition), by using Tesseract C++ library.
  60. tools-ocr by AnyListen: 3.1K stars, Java, LGPL-3.0. Local desktop OCR tool (Java).
  61. EAST by argman: 3.1K stars, C++, GPL-3.0. A tensorflow implementation of EAST text detector.
  62. tesseract-ocr-for-php by thiagoalessio: 3K stars, PHP, MIT. A wrapper to work with Tesseract OCR inside PHP.
  63. llm_aided_ocr by Dicklesworthstone: 3K stars, Python, other license. Enhances Tesseract OCR output using LLMs (local or API) for error correction, smart chunking…
  64. comic-translate by ogkalu2: 3K stars, Python, Apache-2.0. AI comic and manga translator app/browser extension for automatically translating comics…
  65. markdownify-mcp by zcaceres: 3K stars, TypeScript, MIT. A Model Context Protocol server for converting almost anything to Markdown.
  66. openrecall by openrecall: 3K stars, Python, AGPL-3.0. OpenRecall is a fully open-source, privacy-first alternative to proprietary solutions like…
  67. kordoc by chrisryugj: 3K stars, TypeScript, MIT. Korean HWP/PDF/Office/scan to Markdown converter.
  68. CHINESE-OCR by xiaofengShi: 3K stars, Python, no license. End-to-end Chinese scene-text detection and recognition with CTPN, CRNN, and CTC (legacy…
  69. TrWebOCR by alisen39: 2.9K stars, Python, Apache-2.0. Offline OCR with a web API, built on the tr engine.
  70. manga-ocr by kha-white: 2.8K stars, Python, Apache-2.0. Optical character recognition for Japanese text, with the main focus being Japanese manga.
  71. paperless-gpt by icereed: 2.8K stars, Go, MIT. Use LLMs and LLM Vision (OCR) to handle paperless-ngx - Document Digitalization powered by AI.
  72. normcap by dynobo: 2.8K stars, Python, other license. OCR powered screen-capture tool to capture information instead of images.
  73. retain-pdf by wxyhgk: 2.7K stars, Python, MIT. PDF translation that keeps the original layout.
  74. docs by sismics: 2.6K stars, JavaScript, GPL-2.0. Lightweight document management system with OCR.
  75. open-paperless by zhoubear: 2.6K stars, Python, other license. Scan, index, and archive all of your paper documents (acquired by Mayan EDMS).
  76. better-shot by KartikLabhshetwar: 2.4K stars, Swift, other license. Screenshot, screen recording, and video editor for macOS. Native SwiftUI app with capture…
  77. ade-cli by landing-ai: 2.4K stars, Python, Apache-2.0. The official CLI for Agentic Document Extraction (ADE) by LandingAI — parse documents and…
  78. mPLUG-DocOwl by X-PLUG: 2.4K stars, Python, Apache-2.0. mPLUG-DocOwl: Modularized Multimodal Large Language Model for Document Understanding.
  79. docspell by eikek: 2.4K stars, Elm, AGPL-3.0. Assist in organizing your piles of documents, resulting from scanners, e-mails and other…
  80. gowall by Achno: 2.3K stars, Go, MIT. A tool to convert a Wallpaper's color scheme / palette, OCR with VLM's Traditional & Hybrid…
  81. claude-real-video by HUANGCHIHHUNGLeo: 2.3K stars, Python, MIT. Let Claude (or any LLM) actually watch a video — scene-aware, deduplicated frames +…
  82. pdftabextract by WZBSocialScienceCenter: 2.3K stars, Python, Apache-2.0. A set of tools for extracting tables from PDF files helping to do data mining on…
  83. SimpleHTR by githubharald: 2.2K stars, Python, MIT. Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR) system implemented with TensorFlow.
  84. deepseek-ocr.rs by TimmyOVO: 2.2K stars, Rust, Apache-2.0. Rust multi-backend OCR/VLM engine (DeepSeek-OCR-1/2, PaddleOCR-VL, DotsOCR) with DSQ…
  85. tesserocr by sirfz: 2.2K stars, Python, MIT. A Python wrapper for the tesseract-ocr API.
  86. RPA by A9T9: 2.1K stars, TypeScript, other license. Browser and desktop automation with an MCP server for AI assistants. Record macros or write…
  87. crnn by bgshih: 2.1K stars, Lua, MIT. Convolutional Recurrent Neural Network (CRNN) for image-based sequence recognition.
  88. iOS-OCR-Server by riddleling: 2.1K stars, Swift, MIT. An iOS OCR Server Using Apple's Vision Framework.
  89. docext by NanoNets: 2.1K stars, Python, Apache-2.0. An on-premises, OCR-free unstructured data extraction, markdown conversion and benchmarking…
  90. gImageReader by manisandro: 2K stars, C++, GPL-3.0. A Gtk/Qt front-end to tesseract-ocr.
  91. clawPDF by clawsoftware: 2K stars, C#, AGPL-3.0. Open Source Virtual (Network) Printer for Windows that allows you to create PDFs, OCR text…
  92. TRex by amebalabs: 2K stars, Swift, MIT. Copy any text on your screen, stop retyping.
  93. ocrs by robertknight: 1.9K stars, Rust, Apache-2.0. Rust library and CLI tool for OCR (extracting text from images).
  94. OnnxOCR by jingsongliujing: 1.9K stars, Python, Apache-2.0. ONNX-based OCR runtime derived from PaddleOCR.
  95. CRNN_Chinese_Characters_Rec by Sierkinhane: 1.9K stars, Python, no license. (CRNN) Chinese Characters Recognition.
  96. MORT by kmonkeyhead: 1.8K stars, C#, MIT. Real-time game translator with OCR.
  97. AdvancedLiterateMachinery by AlibabaResearch: 1.8K stars, C++, Apache-2.0. A collection of original, innovative ideas and algorithms towards Advanced Literate Machinery.
  98. extractous by yobix-ai: 1.8K stars, Rust, Apache-2.0. Fast and efficient unstructured data extraction. Written in Rust with bindings for many…
  99. mokuro by kha-white: 1.8K stars, HTML, GPL-3.0. Read Japanese manga inside browser with selectable text.
  100. textshot by ianzhao: 1.8K stars, Python, MIT. Python tool for grabbing text via screenshot.
  101. tarsier by reworkd: 1.8K stars, Jupyter Notebook, MIT. Vision utilities for web interaction agents.
  102. indra by datalab-to: 1.8K stars, Python, Apache-2.0. 1M param OCR model - runs on CPU, 15x faster than tesseract, close to 1B+ param models in…
  103. yomitoku by kotaro-kinoshita: 1.7K stars, Python, no license. Japanese document OCR and layout analysis.
  104. MixTeX-Latex-OCR by RQLuo: 1.6K stars, Python, AGPL-3.0. MixTeX multimodal LaTeX, ZhEn, and, Table OCR. It performs efficient CPU-based inference in a…
  105. kensaku by yjid: 1.6K stars, Rust, MIT. Search inside documents, code, and even screenshots - instantly and locally. A free…
  106. ExtractThinker by enoch3712: 1.6K stars, Python, Apache-2.0. ExtractThinker is a Document Intelligence library for LLMs, offering ORM-style interaction for…
  107. docstrange by NanoNets: 1.6K stars, Python, MIT. Extract and convert data from any document, images, pdfs, word doc, ppt or URL into multiple…
  108. rpaframework by robocorp: 1.6K stars, Python, Apache-2.0. Collection of open-source libraries and tools for Robotic Process Automation (RPA), designed…
  109. PaddleOCR-json by hiroi-sora: 1.6K stars, C++, Apache-2.0. PaddleOCR as an offline JSON API binary.
  110. documind by DocumindHQ: 1.5K stars, JavaScript, other license. Open-source platform for extracting structured data from documents using AI.
  111. Capso by lzhgus: 1.5K stars, Swift, other license. Open-source screenshot and screen recording for macOS. The free, native alternative to…
  112. OpenOCR by Topdu: 1.5K stars, Python, Apache-2.0. OpenOCR: An Open-Source Toolkit for General-OCR Research and Applications, integrates a…
  113. Scanner by shouzhong: 1.5K stars, Java, no license. Android scanner for barcodes, ID cards and text.
  114. keras-ocr by faustomorales: 1.5K stars, Python, MIT. A packaged and flexible version of the CRAFT text detector and Keras CRNN recognition model.
  115. text_renderer by Sanster: 1.5K stars, Python, MIT. Generate text images for training deep learning ocr model.
  116. MSPaintIDE by MSPaintIDE: 1.4K stars, Java, MIT. Programming in MS Paint (yes, it OCRs your code).
  117. TextSnatcher by RajSolai: 1.4K stars, Vala, GPL-3.0. Copy text from images with OCR on Linux.
  118. HRConvert2 by zelon88: 1.4K stars, PHP, GPL-3.0. A self-hosted, resource aware file conversion server supporting 490+ formats in 26 languages.
  119. tr by myhub: 1.4K stars, Python, no license. Free offline OCR engine.
  120. MouseTooltipTranslator by ttop32: 1.4K stars, JavaScript, MIT. Mouseover Translate Any Language At Once - Chrome Extension: PDF Translator, EBOOK, EPUB, OCR…
  121. LaTeX_OCR_PRO by LinXueyuanStdio: 1.3K stars, Jupyter Notebook, GPL-3.0. Math formula image to LaTeX recognition.
  122. caffe_ocr by senlinuc: 1.3K stars, C++, no license. Caffe-based OCR experiments.
  123. typesafe-computer-use by awlevin: 1.3K stars, Python, MIT. Computer use for about $0.0002 a step: OCR the screen, classify the next action with TypeSafe…
  124. CTPN by tianzhi0549: 1.3K stars, Jupyter Notebook, other license. Detecting Text in Natural Image with Connectionist Text Proposal Network (ECCV'16).
  125. lift by datalab-to: 1.3K stars, Python, Apache-2.0. Extract structured data from documents quickly and accurately.
  126. overlay-translator by ciddwd: 1.3K stars, Kotlin, Apache-2.0. On-screen overlay OCR translator for Android.
  127. open-semantic-search by opensemanticsearch: 1.2K stars, Shell, GPL-3.0. Open Source research tool to search, browse, analyze and explore large document collections by…
  128. PaddleOCR2Pytorch by frotms: 1.2K stars, Python, Apache-2.0. PaddleOCR inference in PyTorch.
  129. MLKit by jenly1314: 1.2K stars, Kotlin, Apache-2.0. Android wrapper for Google ML Kit text recognition.
  130. TurboOCR by aiptimizer: 1.2K stars, C++, MIT. TurboOCR, >200 img/s OmnidocBench. TensorRT FP16, PP-OCRv6, HTTP + gRPC.
  131. Paddle.js by PaddlePaddle: 1.1K stars, JavaScript, Apache-2.0. Paddle.js is a web project for Baidu PaddlePaddle, which is an open source deep learning…
  132. kraken by mittagessen: 1.1K stars, Python, Apache-2.0. OCR engine for all the languages.
  133. attention-ocr by emedvedev: 1.1K stars, Python, MIT. A Tensorflow model for text recognition (CNN + seq2seq with visual attention) available as a…
  134. SnapX by SnapXL: 1.1K stars, C#, GPL-3.0. SnapX is a free, open-source, cross-platform tool that lets you capture or record any area of…
  135. OpenFind by aheze: 1.1K stars, Swift, MIT. An app to find text in real life.
  136. anymd by SylphxAI: 1.1K stars, Rust, MIT. Any file → clean Markdown for AI agents: PDF, Word, PowerPoint, Excel, EPUB, HTML and web…
  137. capcap by realskyrin: 1.1K stars, Swift, MIT. A lightweight, native macOS screenshot tool that lives in your menu bar.
  138. DBNet.pytorch by WenmuZhou: 1K stars, Python, Apache-2.0. A pytorch re-implementation of Real-time Scene Text Detection with Differentiable Binarization.

Want the other 183?

The long tail (100 to 999 stars) is where you find niche tools like single-language engines, receipt parsers and research code. Browse all 321 on the OCR & Documents filter, or narrow by language, license and last-updated date.

A 23M-Parameter Model Still Wins: 338 Embedding Models Ranked by Real Downloads

2026-11-13 00:50:13

all-MiniLM-L6-v2, a 23M-parameter sentence-transformers model, was downloaded 177M times on Hugging Face in the last 30 days. That's 38% of all downloads across the 213 open-weight embedding models tracked by the TextModels directory, and more than the next four models combined. Below are all 338 embedding models in the directory: open weights ranked by downloads, then hosted APIs, Ollama builds and the historical models that started it all.

Most "best embedding model" lists rank by benchmark score, like PremAI's ranking by MTEB score, cost and self-hosting. Benchmarks tell you what's best on paper. Downloads tell you what developers actually ship, and the two lists look very different.

The sentence-transformers family's lead has a history. As HackerNoon's overview of embeddings for RAG puts it, "Simply said, the BERT model isn't the best for similarity search." SBERT fixed that by embedding each sentence separately so vectors can be computed once and compared fast, and its descendants still dominate the download charts.

What the download data says

  • Small and old beats big and new. The top two models by downloads, all-MiniLM-L6-v2 (23M params) and BAAI's bge-small-en-v1.5 (33M), are tiny. For most production search, "fast and good enough" wins.
  • The market is concentrated. The top 10 open-weight embedders account for 74% of the 470M monthly downloads in this list.
  • Qwen is the newcomer to watch. Qwen3-Embedding-0.6B is already #9 with 9M monthly downloads, and its 4B and 8B siblings both clear 2.4M.
  • Multilingual is mainstream. Five of the top 12 are multilingual: bge-m3, two paraphrase-multilingual models and two multilingual-e5 models.
  • Vector databases ship their own builds. Qdrant's ONNX conversions and sparse models appear nine times, which shows how many teams get embeddings through their database instead of picking a model directly.

How this list was built

Everything comes from the TextModels directory's Embedding filter (338 models) as of November 11, 2026. Hugging Face entries are ranked by 30-day downloads pulled from the Hugging Face API. "Verified" means the TextModels directory fetched and confirmed that model's metrics per model. Hosted API models have no public download counts, so they're grouped by provider, alphabetically. Some hosted entries, like OpenAI's 001-series search models, are long retired. They stay in the list because people still search for them when migrating old pipelines.

Part 1: 213 open-weight embedding models on Hugging Face, ranked by 30-day downloads

  1. all-MiniLM-L6-v2 by sentence-transformers: 177M downloads/30d, 23M params, Apache 2.0 (Verified)
  2. bge-small-en-v1.5 by BAAI: 47.1M downloads/30d, 33M params, MIT (Verified)
  3. bge-m3 by BAAI: 29.3M downloads/30d, 568M params, MIT (Verified)
  4. paraphrase-multilingual-MiniLM-L12-v2 by sentence-transformers: 26.9M downloads/30d, 118M params, Apache 2.0 (Verified)
  5. all-mpnet-base-v2 by sentence-transformers: 20.5M downloads/30d, 109M params, Apache 2.0 (Verified)
  6. nomic-embed-text-v1.5 by nomic-ai: 11.9M downloads/30d, 137M params, Apache 2.0 (Verified)
  7. multilingual-e5-small by intfloat: 9.4M downloads/30d, 118M params
  8. paraphrase-multilingual-mpnet-base-v2 by sentence-transformers: 9.1M downloads/30d, 278M params
  9. Qwen3-Embedding-0.6B by Qwen: 9M downloads/30d, 596M params, Apache 2.0 (Verified)
  10. bge-base-en-v1.5 by BAAI: 8.4M downloads/30d, 109M params
  11. bge-large-en-v1.5 by BAAI: 8.1M downloads/30d, 335M params, MIT (Verified)
  12. multilingual-e5-large by intfloat: 7.1M downloads/30d, 560M params, MIT (Verified)
  13. granite-embedding-small-english-r2 by ibm-granite: 6.8M downloads/30d, 48M params
  14. multilingual-e5-base by intfloat: 4.9M downloads/30d, 278M params
  15. all-MiniLM-L6-v2 by Xenova: 4.5M downloads/30d
  16. snowflake-arctic-embed-l-v2.0 by Snowflake: 3.8M downloads/30d, 568M params
  17. bge-small-zh-v1.5 by BAAI: 3.1M downloads/30d, 24M params
  18. bge-base-en-v1.5-course-recommender-v5 by datasocietyco: 2.9M downloads/30d, 109M params
  19. gte-small by thenlper: 2.5M downloads/30d, 33M params
  20. bge-base-en-v1.5 by Xenova: 2.5M downloads/30d
  21. all-MiniLM-L12-v2 by sentence-transformers: 2.5M downloads/30d, 33M params
  22. Qwen3-Embedding-4B by Qwen: 2.5M downloads/30d, 4B params
  23. all-distilroberta-v1 by sentence-transformers: 2.4M downloads/30d, 82M params
  24. Qwen3-Embedding-8B by Qwen: 2.4M downloads/30d, 7.6B params
  25. mxbai-embed-large-v1 by mixedbread-ai: 2.3M downloads/30d, 335M params
  26. bge-small-en-v1.5-onnx-Q by Qdrant: 2M downloads/30d
  27. paraphrase-mpnet-base-v2 by sentence-transformers: 1.9M downloads/30d, 109M params
  28. multilingual-e5-large-instruct by intfloat: 1.7M downloads/30d, 560M params
  29. all-MiniLM-L6-v2-onnx by Qdrant: 1.6M downloads/30d
  30. paraphrase-MiniLM-L6-v2 by sentence-transformers: 1.5M downloads/30d, 23M params
  31. multi-qa-mpnet-base-dot-v1 by sentence-transformers: 1.5M downloads/30d, 109M params
  32. jina-embeddings-v3 by jinaai: 1.5M downloads/30d, 572M params, CC BY-NC 4.0 (Verified)
  33. SapBERT-from-PubMedBERT-fulltext by cambridgeltl: 1.4M downloads/30d, 109M params
  34. ko-sroberta-multitask by jhgan: 1.4M downloads/30d, 111M params
  35. multilingual-e5-large-onnx by Qdrant: 1.2M downloads/30d
  36. jina-embeddings-v2-small-en by jinaai: 1.2M downloads/30d, 33M params
  37. embeddinggemma-300m by google: 1.2M downloads/30d, 303M params, Gemma (Verified)
  38. e5-small-v2 by intfloat: 1.1M downloads/30d, 33M params
  39. e5-base-v2 by intfloat: 1M downloads/30d, 109M params
  40. UAE-Large-V1 by WhereIsAI: 1M downloads/30d, 335M params
  41. sup-SimCSE-VietNamese-phobert-base by VoVanPhuc: 1M downloads/30d, 136M params
  42. LaBSE by sentence-transformers: 986.3K downloads/30d, 471M params
  43. vietnamese-bi-encoder by bkai-foundation-models: 983.4K downloads/30d, 135M params
  44. e5-base by intfloat: 946.9K downloads/30d, 109M params
  45. paraphrase-MiniLM-L3-v2 by sentence-transformers: 945K downloads/30d, 17M params
  46. bm25 by Qdrant: 913K downloads/30d
  47. gte-multilingual-base by Alibaba-NLP: 891.3K downloads/30d, 305M params
  48. nomic-embed-text-v1 by nomic-ai: 882.5K downloads/30d, 137M params
  49. distiluse-base-multilingual-cased-v2 by sentence-transformers: 869.3K downloads/30d, 135M params
  50. bge-small-en-v1.5 by Xenova: 851.3K downloads/30d
  51. text2vec-base-chinese by shibing624: 845.1K downloads/30d, 102M params
  52. pubmedbert-base-embeddings by NeuML: 812.2K downloads/30d, 109M params
  53. ruri-v3-310m by cl-nagoya: 745.4K downloads/30d, 315M params
  54. e5-large-v2 by intfloat: 733.6K downloads/30d, 335M params
  55. nomic-embed-text-v2-moe by nomic-ai: 720.4K downloads/30d, 475M params
  56. FRIDA by ai-forever: 692.8K downloads/30d, 823M params
  57. multi-qa-MiniLM-L6-cos-v1 by sentence-transformers: 659.9K downloads/30d, 23M params
  58. specter2_base by allenai: 658.7K downloads/30d
  59. embeddinggemma-300m-ONNX by onnx-community: 635.7K downloads/30d
  60. all-roberta-large-v1 by sentence-transformers: 610.9K downloads/30d, 355M params
  61. nomic-embed-text-v1.5-GGUF by nomic-ai: 574.1K downloads/30d
  62. paraphrase-multilingual-MiniLM-L12-v2-onnx-Q by Qdrant: 569.5K downloads/30d
  63. plamo-embedding-1b by pfnet: 567.5K downloads/30d, 1.1B params
  64. gte-large by thenlper: 555.4K downloads/30d, 335M params
  65. snowflake-arctic-embed-xs by Snowflake: 533.9K downloads/30d, 23M params
  66. msmarco-bert-base-dot-v5 by sentence-transformers: 526.7K downloads/30d, 109M params
  67. langcache-embed-v1 by redis: 525.5K downloads/30d, 149M params
  68. bert-base-turkish-cased-mean-nli-stsb-tr by emrecan: 520.6K downloads/30d, 111M params
  69. deepset-mxbai-embed-de-large-v1 by mixedbread-ai: 514.5K downloads/30d, 487M params
  70. snowflake-arctic-embed-l by Snowflake: 506.6K downloads/30d, 334M params
  71. bge-small-en-v1.5 by unsloth: 469.6K downloads/30d, 33M params
  72. rubert-tiny2 by cointegrated: 467.7K downloads/30d, 29M params
  73. multilingual-e5-small by Xenova: 457.8K downloads/30d
  74. gte-base-en-v1.5 by Alibaba-NLP: 452.6K downloads/30d, 137M params
  75. nli-mpnet-base-v2 by sentence-transformers: 452K downloads/30d, 109M params
  76. llama2-embedding-1b-8k by mesolitica: 443.8K downloads/30d, 947M params
  77. S-PubMedBert-MedQuAD by TimKond: 436.7K downloads/30d, 109M params
  78. efficient-splade-VI-BT-large-doc by naver: 427K downloads/30d
  79. LLM2Vec-Meta-Llama-3-8B-Instruct-mntp by McGill-NLP: 405.6K downloads/30d, 8B params
  80. BioLORD-2023 by FremyCompany: 397.1K downloads/30d, 109M params
  81. snowflake-arctic-embed-m by Snowflake: 387.3K downloads/30d, 109M params
  82. jina-embeddings-v2-base-en by jinaai: 356.8K downloads/30d, 137M params
  83. llama-nemotron-embed-1b-v2 by nvidia: 347.3K downloads/30d, 1.2B params
  84. paraphrase-albert-small-v2 by sentence-transformers: 340K downloads/30d, 12M params
  85. nomic-embed-code by nomic-ai: 336K downloads/30d, 7.1B params
  86. bge-large-zh-v1.5 by BAAI: 334.9K downloads/30d
  87. Nemotron-3-Embed-1B-BF16 by nvidia: 324.8K downloads/30d, 1.1B params
  88. paraphrase-multilingual-MiniLM-L12-v2 by Xenova: 314.8K downloads/30d
  89. Solon-embeddings-large-0.1 by OrdalieTech: 311.4K downloads/30d, 560M params
  90. bert-base-nli-mean-tokens by sentence-transformers: 308.2K downloads/30d, 109M params
  91. USER-bge-m3 by deepvk: 288.6K downloads/30d, 359M params
  92. multi-qa-MiniLM-L6-dot-v1 by sentence-transformers: 286.2K downloads/30d, 23M params
  93. msmarco-MiniLM-L6-v3 by sentence-transformers: 284.3K downloads/30d, 23M params
  94. e5-large by intfloat: 263.5K downloads/30d, 335M params
  95. all_miniLM_L6_v2_with_attentions by Qdrant: 250.4K downloads/30d
  96. indobert-base-p1 by indobenchmark: 247.8K downloads/30d
  97. KURE-v1 by nlpai-lab: 245.5K downloads/30d, 568M params
  98. mmlw-retrieval-roberta-large by sdadas: 236K downloads/30d, 435M params
  99. sentence-transformers-alephbert by imvladikon: 235.4K downloads/30d
  100. dragon-multiturn-query-encoder by nvidia: 231K downloads/30d
  101. dragon-multiturn-context-encoder by nvidia: 230.8K downloads/30d
  102. codebert-base by microsoft: 227.3K downloads/30d
  103. msmarco-distilbert-base-tas-b by sentence-transformers: 226.2K downloads/30d, 66M params
  104. harrier-oss-v1-0.6b by microsoft: 222K downloads/30d, 596M params
  105. bge-small-en by BAAI: 219.4K downloads/30d, 33M params
  106. mxbai-embed-large-v1-gguf by ChristianAzinn: 215.3K downloads/30d
  107. bart-base by facebook: 213.8K downloads/30d, 139M params
  108. sbert-legal-xlm-roberta-base by Stern5497: 205.6K downloads/30d
  109. snowflake-arctic-embed-l-v2.0-ko by dragonkue: 205.5K downloads/30d, 568M params
  110. granite-embedding-125m-english by ibm-granite: 205.1K downloads/30d, 125M params
  111. SapBERT-UMLS-2020AB-all-lang-from-XLMR by cambridgeltl: 202.1K downloads/30d, 278M params
  112. LLM2Vec-Meta-Llama-3-8B-Instruct-mntp-supervised by McGill-NLP: 196.5K downloads/30d, 8B params
  113. instructor-large by hkunlp: 189.7K downloads/30d
  114. paraphrase-xlm-r-multilingual-v1 by sentence-transformers: 181.4K downloads/30d, 278M params
  115. German_Semantic_STS_V2 by aari1995: 180.9K downloads/30d, 336M params
  116. paraphrase-MiniLM-L12-v2 by sentence-transformers: 174.9K downloads/30d, 33M params
  117. msmarco-MiniLM-L12-cos-v5 by sentence-transformers: 174.5K downloads/30d, 33M params
  118. All-MiniLM-L6-v2-Embedding-GGUF by second-state: 169.3K downloads/30d
  119. unixcoder-base by microsoft: 167.4K downloads/30d
  120. all-MiniLM-L6-v2-GGUF by leliuga: 165.5K downloads/30d
  121. distilbert-base-nli-stsb-mean-tokens by sentence-transformers: 156.4K downloads/30d, 66M params
  122. multi-qa-mpnet-base-cos-v1 by sentence-transformers: 153.1K downloads/30d, 109M params
  123. bge-base-en-v1.5-onnx-Q by Qdrant: 152.7K downloads/30d
  124. paraphrase-multilingual-minilm-l12-v3-mn by gmunkhtur: 151.7K downloads/30d, 118M params
  125. gte-base by thenlper: 151K downloads/30d, 109M params
  126. jina-embeddings-v2-base-code by jinaai: 146.5K downloads/30d, 161M params
  127. BGE-m3-ko by dragonkue: 143K downloads/30d, 568M params
  128. ModernBERT-base-msmarco by joe32140: 141K downloads/30d, 149M params
  129. Nemotron-3-Embed-8B-BF16 by nvidia: 138.9K downloads/30d, 8B params
  130. S-PubMedBert-MS-MARCO by pritamdeka: 138.5K downloads/30d
  131. canine-c by google: 136.6K downloads/30d, 132M params
  132. sentence-t5-base by sentence-transformers: 131.2K downloads/30d, 110M params
  133. gte-modernbert-base by Alibaba-NLP: 127.3K downloads/30d, 149M params
  134. ruri-v3-30m by cl-nagoya: 125.6K downloads/30d, 37M params
  135. mxbai-embed-2d-large-v1 by mixedbread-ai: 120.3K downloads/30d, 335M params
  136. snowflake-arctic-embed-m-v1.5 by Snowflake: 116.5K downloads/30d, 109M params
  137. modernbert-embed-base by nomic-ai: 115.1K downloads/30d, 149M params
  138. all-indo-e5-small-v4 by LazarusNLP: 114.2K downloads/30d, 118M params
  139. gte-Qwen2-1.5B-instruct by Alibaba-NLP: 111.5K downloads/30d, 1.8B params
  140. harrier-oss-v1-270m by microsoft: 105.2K downloads/30d, 268M params
  141. GIST-Embedding-v0 by avsolatorio: 104.5K downloads/30d, 109M params
  142. bart-large by facebook: 103.5K downloads/30d
  143. herbert-base-cased by allegro: 103.4K downloads/30d
  144. e5-base-multilingual-4096 by efederici: 98.5K downloads/30d
  145. voyage-4-nano by voyageai: 93.4K downloads/30d, 346M params
  146. ko-sbert-nli by jhgan: 91.4K downloads/30d
  147. GIST-all-MiniLM-L6-v2 by avsolatorio: 90.9K downloads/30d, 23M params
  148. jina-embeddings-v5-text-small-retrieval by jinaai: 89.1K downloads/30d, 596M params
  149. bge-m3-spa-law-qa by littlejohn-ai: 87.8K downloads/30d, 568M params
  150. vietnamese-document-embedding by dangvantuan: 86.5K downloads/30d, 305M params
  151. granite-embedding-311m-multilingual-r2 by ibm-granite: 86.5K downloads/30d, 312M params
  152. ko-sbert-sts by jhgan: 83.5K downloads/30d
  153. jina-embeddings-v5-text-nano by jinaai: 83.1K downloads/30d, 212M params
  154. ruri-v3-130m by cl-nagoya: 81K downloads/30d, 132M params
  155. e5-mistral-7b-instruct by intfloat: 79.8K downloads/30d, 7.1B params
  156. jina-embeddings-v5-text-small by jinaai: 79.8K downloads/30d, 596M params
  157. msmarco-distilbert-base-v4 by sentence-transformers: 79K downloads/30d, 66M params
  158. Nemotron-3-Embed-1B-Q4_K_M-GGUF by zenmagnets: 78.3K downloads/30d, 1B params
  159. rubert-base-cased by DeepPavlov: 77.2K downloads/30d
  160. KR-SBERT-V40K-klueNLI-augSTS by snunlp: 76.5K downloads/30d
  161. bge-m3-GGUF by gpustack: 71.8K downloads/30d
  162. GIST-small-Embedding-v0 by avsolatorio: 70.3K downloads/30d, 33M params
  163. st-codesearch-distilroberta-base by flax-sentence-embeddings: 67.6K downloads/30d
  164. Splade_PP_en_v1 by Qdrant: 65.8K downloads/30d
  165. multi-qa-distilbert-dot-v1 by sentence-transformers: 63.8K downloads/30d, 66M params
  166. stsb-xlm-r-multilingual by sentence-transformers: 63.5K downloads/30d, 278M params
  167. embeddinggemma-300m by unsloth: 62K downloads/30d, 303M params
  168. multi-qa-distilbert-cos-v1 by sentence-transformers: 61K downloads/30d, 66M params
  169. lilt-roberta-en-base by SCUT-DLVCLab: 60.4K downloads/30d, 131M params
  170. bge-m3 by Xenova: 56.5K downloads/30d
  171. stella_en_400M_v5 by NovaSearch: 56.1K downloads/30d, 435M params
  172. bge-multilingual-gemma2 by BAAI: 53.1K downloads/30d, 9.2B params
  173. snowflake-arctic-embed-m-v2.0 by Snowflake: 50K downloads/30d, 305M params
  174. sentence-transformer-klue by hunkim: 47.9K downloads/30d
  175. granite-embedding-30m-english by ibm-granite: 46.8K downloads/30d, 30M params
  176. granite-embedding-107m-multilingual by ibm-granite: 45.4K downloads/30d, 107M params
  177. snowflake-arctic-embed-s by Snowflake: 43.6K downloads/30d, 33M params
  178. text2vec-base-chinese-paraphrase by shibing624: 42.3K downloads/30d, 118M params
  179. granite-embedding-278m-multilingual by ibm-granite: 41.6K downloads/30d, 278M params
  180. sentence-bert-swedish-cased by KBLab: 41.3K downloads/30d, 125M params
  181. colbert-bert-tiny by NeuML: 36.4K downloads/30d, 4M params
  182. jina-embeddings-v5-text-nano-retrieval by jinaai: 35.6K downloads/30d, 212M params
  183. indo-sentence-bert-base by firqaaa: 32.8K downloads/30d
  184. paraphrase-distilroberta-base-v1 by sentence-transformers: 32.1K downloads/30d, 82M params
  185. bge-large-en-v1.5-onnx by Qdrant: 31.4K downloads/30d
  186. USER-base by deepvk: 29.8K downloads/30d, 124M params
  187. gte-Qwen2-7B-instruct by Alibaba-NLP: 26.9K downloads/30d, 7.6B params
  188. text2vec-base-multilingual by shibing624: 25.3K downloads/30d, 118M params
  189. Giga-Embeddings-instruct-480M-0826 by ai-sage: 22.4K downloads/30d, 484M params
  190. st-polish-paraphrase-from-mpnet by sdadas: 13.8K downloads/30d, 124M params
  191. mdbr-leaf-ir by MongoDB: 13.8K downloads/30d, 23M params
  192. vietnamese-sbert by keepitreal: 11.2K downloads/30d
  193. llama-nemotron-embed-vl-1b-v2 by nvidia: 9.4K downloads/30d, 1.7B params
  194. stsb-roberta-base-v2 by sentence-transformers: 7.4K downloads/30d, 125M params
  195. all-MiniLM-L6-v2-4bit by mlx-community: 7.3K downloads/30d, 23M params
  196. LaBSE by setu4993: 6.8K downloads/30d, 471M params
  197. GLuCoSE-base-ja-v2 by pkshatech: 6K downloads/30d, 133M params
  198. LaBSE-en-ru by cointegrated: 5.6K downloads/30d, 129M params
  199. Octen-Embedding-8B by Octen: 4.6K downloads/30d, 7.6B params
  200. jina-embeddings-v5-text-small-text-matching by jinaai: 4.2K downloads/30d, 596M params
  201. PubMedBERT-mnli-snli-scinli-scitail-mednli-stsb by pritamdeka: 3.8K downloads/30d
  202. Giga-Embeddings-instruct by ai-sage: 3.6K downloads/30d, 3.5B params
  203. Qwen3-Embedding-4B-W4A16-G128 by boboliu: 2.1K downloads/30d, 4B params
  204. serafim-900m-portuguese-pt-sentence-encoder-ir by PORTULAN: 1.4K downloads/30d, 885M params
  205. Solon-embeddings-base-0.1 by OrdalieTech: 685 downloads/30d, 278M params
  206. LEALLA-base by setu4993: 569 downloads/30d, 107M params
  207. sarashina-embedding-v1-1b by sbintuitions: 417 downloads/30d, 1.2B params
  208. minilm-bo-en-sim by khyentsevision: 407 downloads/30d, 23M params
  209. stella_en_400M_v5 by billatsectorflow: 240 downloads/30d, 435M params
  210. OTel-Embedding-109M by farbodtavakkoli: 179 downloads/30d, 109M params
  211. OTel-Embedding-34M by farbodtavakkoli: 123 downloads/30d, 33M params
  212. OTel-Embedding-300M by farbodtavakkoli: 53 downloads/30d, 303M params
  213. OTel-Embedding-33M by farbodtavakkoli: 51 downloads/30d, 33M params

Part 2: 55 hosted embedding APIs, by provider

These are models you call over an API instead of downloading. The list covers current models and retired ones still found in old codebases.

OpenAI (19)

214. text-embedding-3-large

215. text-embedding-3-small

216. text-embedding-ada-002

217. code-search-ada-code-001

218. code-search-ada-text-001

219. code-search-babbage-code-001

220. code-search-babbage-text-001

221. text-search-ada-doc-001

222. text-search-ada-query-001

223. text-search-babbage-doc-001

224. text-search-babbage-query-001

225. text-search-curie-doc-001

226. text-search-curie-query-001

227. text-search-davinci-doc-001

228. text-search-davinci-query-001

229. text-similarity-ada-001

230. text-similarity-babbage-001

231. text-similarity-curie-001

232. text-similarity-davinci-001

Cohere (8)

233. embed-v4.0

234. embed-english-v3.0

235. embed-english-light-v3.0

236. embed-multilingual-v3.0

237. embed-multilingual-light-v3.0

238. embed-english-v2.0

239. embed-english-light-v2.0

240. embed-multilingual-v2.0

Google Vertex AI (8)

241. gemini-embedding-001

242. gemini-embedding-002

243. text-embedding-004

244. text-multilingual-embedding-002

245. textembedding-gecko@003

246. textembedding-gecko@002

247. textembedding-gecko@001

248. textembedding-gecko-multilingual@001

NVIDIA NIM (7)

249. nv-embed-v2

250. nv-embed-v1

251. llama-3.2-nv-embedqa-1b-v2

252. llama-3.2-nv-embedqa-1b-v1

253. nv-embedqa-mistral-7b-v2

254. nv-embedqa-e5-v5

255. nv-embedcode-7b-v1

IBM watsonx / Granite (6)

256. granite-embedding-english-r2

257. granite-embedding-multilingual-r2

258. granite-embedding-30m-english

259. granite-embedding-125m-english

260. granite-embedding-107m-multilingual

261. granite-embedding-278m-multilingual

Amazon Bedrock (4)

262. amazon.titan-embed-text-v2:0

263. amazon.titan-embed-text-v2:1

264. amazon.titan-embed-text-v1

265. amazon.titan-embed-g1-text-02

Mistral AI (3)

266. mistral-embed

267. codestral-embed-2506

268. codestral-embed-2505

Part 3: 20 embedding models you can run locally with Ollama

Ollama doesn't publish download counts, so these are sorted from smallest to largest. Pick the smallest one that clears your quality bar.

269. all-minilm 22m

270. snowflake-arctic-embed 22m

271. granite-embedding 30m (IBM)

272. all-minilm 33m

273. snowflake-arctic-embed 33m

274. snowflake-arctic-embed 110m

275. nomic-embed-text 137m

276. snowflake-arctic-embed 137m

277. granite-embedding 278m (IBM)

278. paraphrase-multilingual 278m

279. embeddinggemma 300m (Google)

280. bge-large 335m

281. mxbai-embed-large 335m

282. snowflake-arctic-embed 335m

283. bge-m3 567m

284. snowflake-arctic-embed2 568m

285. qwen3-embedding 0.6b (Alibaba / Qwen)

286. qwen3-embedding 4b (Alibaba / Qwen)

287. qwen3-embedding 8b (Alibaba / Qwen)

288. nomic-embed-text-v2-moe latest (size not listed)

Part 4: 50 historical embedding models that got us here

Before sentence-transformers there were word vectors, and before RAG there was semantic search. These are the ancestors of everything above.

289. word2vec Skip-gram Google News (Google)

290. word2vec CBOW Google News (Google)

291. GloVe 840B 300d (Stanford NLP)

292. GloVe 42B 300d (Stanford NLP)

293. GloVe 6B 300d (Stanford NLP)

294. GloVe 6B 200d (Stanford NLP)

295. GloVe 6B 100d (Stanford NLP)

296. GloVe 6B 50d (Stanford NLP)

297. GloVe Twitter 27B 200d (Stanford NLP)

298. GloVe Twitter 27B 100d (Stanford NLP)

299. GloVe Twitter 27B 50d (Stanford NLP)

300. GloVe Twitter 27B 25d (Stanford NLP)

301. fastText Common Crawl 300d 2M (Meta AI)

302. fastText Wiki News 300d 1M (Meta AI)

303. ELMo Original 5.5B (Allen Institute for AI)

304. InferSent v1 (Meta AI)

305. Universal Sentence Encoder DAN (Google)

306. Universal Sentence Encoder Transformer (Google)

307. LASER2 (Meta AI)

308. bert-base-uncased (Google)

309. bert-base-cased (Google)

310. bert-large-uncased (Google)

311. bert-large-cased (Google)

312. albert-base-v1 (Google)

313. albert-base-v2 (Google)

314. albert-large-v1 (Google)

315. albert-large-v2 (Google)

316. albert-xlarge-v1 (Google)

317. albert-xlarge-v2 (Google)

318. albert-xxlarge-v1 (Google)

319. albert-xxlarge-v2 (Google)

320. Sentence-BERT Base NLI Mean Tokens (UKP Lab)

321. Sentence-RoBERTa Large NLI STS-B (UKP Lab)

322. SimCSE BERT Base Supervised (Princeton)

323. SimCSE BERT Base Unsupervised (Princeton)

324. SimCSE RoBERTa Large Supervised (Princeton)

325. SimCSE RoBERTa Base Unsupervised (Princeton)

326. SapBERT (Cambridge)

327. RetroMAE Base (Microsoft)

328. GTR Base (Google)

329. GTR Large (Google)

330. GTR XL (Google)

331. GTR XXL (Google)

332. SGPT 125M (Muennighoff)

333. SGPT 1.3B (Muennighoff)

334. SGPT 2.7B (Muennighoff)

335. SGPT 5.8B (Muennighoff)

336. INSTRUCTOR Base (HKU NLP)

337. INSTRUCTOR XL (HKU NLP)

338. SONAR Text Encoder (Meta AI)

So which one should you use?

If you need a default today, the download data points to all-MiniLM-L6-v2 or bge-small-en-v1.5 for English, bge-m3 or multilingual-e5 for multilingual, and Qwen3-Embedding for top quality if you have the GPU. Then test on your own data. The model is only half the stack; HackerNoon's guide to choosing a vector database for a production RAG chatbot covers the other half.

To compare all 3,009 text models, including rerankers, classifiers and the LLMs these embeddings feed, browse the TextModels directory.

GPT-4.5 Fooled 73% of Judges: 20 Turing Tests, Detectors and Fakes to Check Your AI Radar

2026-11-13 00:46:04

In a 2025 UC San Diego study, people picked GPT-4.5 as the human 73% of the time, more often than they picked the actual humans. ELIZA, a 1960s chatbot, scored 23%, slightly ahead of GPT-4o without a persona at 21%. Here are 20 tests from the Turing Test directory where you can check whether you still tell human from machine across chat, text, faces, art, voice and video.

The Turing test used to be a thought experiment. Now it's a party game, a research method and a product category. Cameron Jones and Benjamin Bergen's three-party Turing test had 284 participants chat with a human and an AI at the same time and then pick the human. GPT-4.5 with a persona prompt won 73% of the time, and LLaMa-3.1-405B won 56%.

The public versions tell the same story. AI21 Labs' "Human or Not?" game ran more than 10 million conversations, and players guessed right only 68% of the time. They were worse at spotting the bots (60%) than at spotting the humans (73%). And it isn't just chat: in a blind listening study covered on HackerNoon, listeners trying to pick out AI-composed piano music were "essentially guessing," at close to 50% accuracy.

So test yourself. A note on what's included: not everything here is a quiz. Some are games, some are detectors that try to make the call for you, and some are the generators that make the fakes. To understand the Turing test in 2026, you need all three.

Chat: can you tell who you're talking to?

1. Human or Not? by AI21 Labs. You get a two-minute chat with a stranger, then guess whether it was a person or a bot. It became the largest Turing test ever run, with more than 1.5 million participants. The research paper breaks down the tricks players used to unmask bots.

2. Loebner Prize. This was the original Turing test competition, held from 1991 according to its Wikipedia history. It's no longer running; its last winner was Mitsuku in 2019. It belongs on any list because it shows how long "fooling the judges" was the goal, and how easy it looks now.

3. Bot or Not (Botometer) by Indiana University's OSoMe. It scores whether a social media account is a bot. It's a Turing test turned into a classifier. The live version shut down after X ended free researcher access, and the Botometer X archive only covers accounts created before June 2023.

Text: human writer or language model?

4. GLTR (Giant Language model Test Room) from the MIT-IBM Watson AI Lab and Harvard NLP. Paste text and it colors each word by how predictable it was to a language model. It was built in 2019 to spot AI-written text, and it's still the best way to see why AI text "feels" smooth.

5. GPTZero. This is the AI-writing detector that teachers made famous. Run your own writing through it to see how often humans get flagged. HackerNoon's guide on how to detect text generated by AI explains what these tools measure.

6. Poem or AI? You read a poem and decide who wrote it. The research on this is humbling: in Porter and Machery's Scientific Reports study, 1,634 readers couldn't reliably tell ChatGPT poems from famous poets', and they rated the AI poems higher.

7. NYT AI Article Quiz by The New York Times. Short passages, one question: human or AI?

8. WritersBrew AI Detector. A writing tool with a built-in check on whether a passage reads as machine-written.

9. Winograd Schema Challenge. This is the benchmark proposed as a better Turing test. Who does "it" refer to in "The trophy doesn't fit in the suitcase because it's too big"? It's easy for people. For years it was hard for machines.

Faces: real photo or GAN?

10. Which Face Is Real? by Jevin West and Carl Bergstrom at the University of Washington. You see two faces and click the real one. It logged about 4 million plays in two weeks after its 2019 launch, and players were right about 70% of the time against StyleGAN fakes.

11. This Person Does Not Exist. This is the generator, not the quiz. Every refresh shows a face of someone who was never born. Look at the ears, teeth and backgrounds to learn the tells.

12. Sensity AI. A commercial deepfake detection platform for faces, video and identity fraud. It's what the professionals use when the stakes are higher than a game.

Art: human artist or image model?

13. AI or Not. Upload an image and get a verdict on whether it's AI-generated. Try it on your own photos first.

14. Artbreeder. A collaborative image generator where you "breed" images by mixing them. Spend ten minutes making fakes and you'll get better at spotting them.

15. MIT GAN Dissect from MIT CSAIL. A research tool that shows which neurons inside a GAN draw trees, doors or clouds, and lets you switch them off. It doesn't test you. It shows you what's inside the machine you're testing.

Voice and music: who's really singing?

16. Real or Fake Voice. Listen to clips and decide which are human speech and which are AI voice clones. This one matters most in practice, because voice cloning is the deepfake behind phone scams.

17. AIVA AI Music. An AI music composer. Play its tracks for friends without telling them and see who notices.

Video: deepfake or real footage?

18. Deepfake Detection Challenge. The Kaggle competition, organized by Facebook with industry and academic partners, to build automatic deepfake detectors. Its dataset is still a standard for training them.

19. Detective (Deepware). Paste a video link and it scans for face manipulation.

20. FakeApp / Faceswap. The deepfake software that started it all. It's on this list because detectors are trained against it.

What these 20 add up to

The pattern holds across formats. People do only somewhat better than a coin flip at spotting AI, and they get worse as models improve. Faces were about 70% in 2019, chat was 68% in 2023, and by 2025 people were choosing GPT-4.5 over real humans. The Turing test has stopped being a bar for machines to clear. It's turning into a skill humans have to practice.

Browse and filter every test by type (Audio, Classic, Game, Modern LLM, Social, Visual), difficulty and access in the Turing Test directory.

SkyW4lker Exposed: A Growing Microsoft 365 Phishing Threat to American Enterprises

2026-11-13 00:37:38

SkyW4lker (SkyW4lker x365 Sentinel) is an active device-code phishing kit targeting Microsoft 365 users in the United States, Europe, and other regions. By abusing Microsoft’s legitimate authentication process, the kit can give attackers access to corporate accounts without stealing passwords or bypassing MFA. This puts business emails, sensitive documents, and other Microsoft 365 resources at risk of unauthorized access.

The ANY.RUN team identified 618 sandbox analyses related to SkyW4lker between June and October 21, 2026, with 46% of submissions coming from the United States. Activity increased from 20 analyses in June to 200 in September, highlighting the growing exposure of organizations relying on Microsoft 365.

Key Takeaways

  • SkyW4lker is distributed through phishing emails with a password-protected malicious attachment; the password is provided in the email body. After a chain of decoy pages, the victim reaches a page that asks for a Microsoft device code.
  • The kit consists of a PHP backend and obfuscated JavaScript. Its main features are IP-based geolocation of visitors and periodic polling of the backend to check whether the victim has completed authentication.
  • ANY.RUN’s powerful new capability, Related Threat Context, helped analysts accelerate the SkyW4lker investigation by instantly surfacing connections to previous sandbox analyses. This reduced manual correlation work, enabled faster expansion of the campaign cluster, and ultimately helped uncover the phishing kit’s administration panel.
  • As a result, 618 analyses were identified over the past six months (as of October 21, 2026), with monthly submissions growing from 20 in June to 200 in September. They were submitted mainly by organizations in the technology, manufacturing, and government sectors, most often from the United States, India, Canada, and the United Kingdom.
  • SkyW4lker shares its JavaScript modules, landing-URL format, and part of its hosting infrastructure with Gabagool, a credential phishing kit active since April 2026. We assess with high confidence that both kits were built by the same developer.
  • SkyW4lker exploits routine business workflows, using contracts, invoices, and service proposals as phishing lures. By directing employees through familiar platforms and legitimate Microsoft authentication pages, attackers make malicious requests harder to distinguish from normal business activity.

SkyW4lker Threat Overview

Threat Type

Phishing Kit

Objective

Microsoft 365 / OAuth credentials

Capabilities

JavaScript obfuscation (obfuscator.io), Device-Code phishing, Geolocation detection, IP-address detection, CAPTCHA verification

Delivery

Email attachments (.pdf, .docx, .xls/xlsx and others), redirection links and lure pages (including Google Maps, Google Images, Miro, Zoom and others)

Motivation

Possible financial

Operator / brand

SkyW4lker (SkyW4lker x365 Sentinel)

Known links

URL patterns: /session_public.php?action= /endpoints/confirm_visit.php /js/url_helper.js /js/endpoint.js /js/client_geo.js

Activity window

2026-06 – now

SkyW4lker Activity Across US Organizations

The United States accounts for 47% of SkyW4lker-related sandbox submissions, more than twice the share of any other country. With the campaign exploiting legitimate Microsoft authentication processes and routine business communications, these findings raise concerns for US enterprises about how effectively existing security controls can identify suspicious activity before it leads to account compromise.

SkyW4lker phishkit attack overview

What SkyW4lker Means for Enterprise Security

SkyW4lker highlights several security risks that organizations need to account for when protecting business-critical systems and employee identities:

  • Identity security gaps: Device-code phishing can succeed even when MFA is enabled, raising questions about whether existing authentication policies sufficiently restrict unnecessary access methods.
  • Detection challenges: Attackers abuse legitimate Microsoft authentication flows and trusted platforms, making it harder for security teams to distinguish malicious activity from normal employee behavior.
  • Broader organizational exposure: A compromised account could provide access to multiple business applications and create opportunities for further attacks against employees, customers, and partners.
  • Higher response costs: Investigating suspicious authentication activity, identifying affected resources, and containing unauthorized access can increase SOC workload and incident response costs.

Stop account compromise before it disrupts your business.
Detect threats earlier and reduce response costs.

Reduce Incident Impact

Technical Analysis of SkyW4lker

You can examine the full SkyW4lker attack chain in this ANY.RUN Sandbox analysis.

View analysis session and gather IOCs

PDF lure document analyzed inside ANY.RUN sandbox

The attack unfolds in three main stages:

  1. The attacker sends the victim a phishing email with a password-protected attachment. Typical subjects involve commercial offers, contracts, invoices, or confidential documents. The attachment is a PDF, DOCX, or XLSX file, and the password is provided in the email body.

  2. The document contains a link to a CAPTCHA page. Some variants include an additional lure page hosted on a legitimate service such as Miro, Google Sites, or Zoom, which redirects the victim to the next step.

  3. Finally, the victim is directed to a phishing page that instructs them to enter a device code on Microsoft’s legitimate authentication page, potentially granting the attacker access to their Microsoft 365 account.

Phishing page analyzed inside ANY.RUN sandbox

The phishing page relies on obfuscated JavaScript functions and separate script files. Using ANY.RUN’s In-Browser Data Inspection, analysts can examine the page’s DOM and HTTP activity to understand how these scripts operate.

Fragment of the phishing page in the Browser Data section

The scripts keep the page in regular contact with the PHP backend and determine the location of the victim from their IP address. Within the page DOM, the main script loads additional modules, sets click handlers on buttons and builds GET requests to the PHP endpoint /session_public.php with the action parameter (start or poll).

With action=start, the script sends the geolocation and IP address of the victim and receives a session ID. After that, it sends a request with action=poll every few seconds to check whether the victim has authenticated.

Periodic GET requests from the phishing page

The other modules of the phishing page are listed below:

Module

Purpose

client_geo.js

Determines the location of the victim from the response of one of three services: ip-api[.]com, ipapi[.]co or ipwho[.]is. The location can also be obtained through the PHP endpoint php/endpoints/client_geo.php.

url_helper.js

Base script with helper wrappers for URL handling, such as building GET parameters and appending slashes.

endpoint.js

Tracks the state of the victim. It logs the e-mail address, password, browser, MFA status, country and other auxiliary fields used during authentication and sends them to the PHP backend at php/endpoints/accounts.php.

A Shortcut for the Entire Investigation: From One URL Into a Bigger Threat Picture with Related Threat Context

A single phishing URL can be the starting point for uncovering an entire campaign. In the SkyW4lker investigation, identifying the malicious page was only the beginning. Analysts needed to trace related activity, identify additional infrastructure, and determine how far the campaign extended. Traditionally, connecting these findings requires repeated IOC lookups, manual correlation, and searching through previous investigations.

ANY.RUN’s major new upgrade, Related Threat Context, makes this process significantly faster and easier. By bringing connections to previous sandbox investigations and threat intelligence directly into the Interactive Sandbox, it helps analysts discover related threats, reuse existing findings, and expand investigations with fewer manual steps.

Related Threat Context window with similar URLs in other analyses

With more than 700,000 security professionals and 16,000 organizations worldwide using ANY.RUN, analysts can draw on a vast pool of real-world investigation data to uncover connections that might otherwise take considerably longer to find.

How Related Threat Context Helped Uncover More of SkyW4lker

During our SkyW4lker investigation, the new Related analyses section surfaced previous sandbox sessions sharing the same URL patterns. This gave analysts an immediate starting point for tracing related activity instead of manually searching for connections across individual investigations.

Using the distinctive PHP endpoint /session_public.php, we moved into ANY.RUN Threat Intelligence Lookup in a single click, discovered additional phishing activity, and expanded the campaign cluster.

TI Lookup query for the unique URL pattern

The investigation demonstrates the practical value of Related Threat Context: less time spent searching for connections, faster discovery of related infrastructure, and more evidence available to guide the next investigation step.

Reduce Manual Triage and Strengthen SOC Investigations

The same approach can be applied to other suspicious URLs and indicators, allowing SOC teams to build on previous investigations and uncover related threat infrastructure faster.

Tier 1 analysts spend less time on repetitive IOC research, gaining more evidence to support accurate triage and escalation decisions. Tier 2 analysts receive richer investigation context, helping them focus on cases that genuinely require deeper analysis.

By connecting individual alerts to existing threat intelligence, Related Threat Context helps SOC teams shorten investigation cycles, reduce unnecessary manual work, and make better-informed response decisions.

Give your SOC the context they need for faster triage.
Cut repetitive investigations. Increase Tier 1 productivity.

Boost Your SOC Now

Attribution: The Connection Between SkyW4lker and Gabagool

Each phishing page has its own backend, so the administration panel is likely to be hosted on the same domain. Further analysis of the Threat Intelligence Lookup results and data from other sources revealed an administration panel at /admin/index.php.

Login form of the administration panel

The CSS styles (command-center.css) suggest the following capabilities of the kit:

  • Authentication with MFA via Telegram
  • Dashboard with victim statistics based on the client_geo.js module
  • Server management
  • Generation of new links
  • Live notifications about new visits to phishing links

Example of class names in the CSS file

Further investigation revealed another important finding: SkyW4lker shares several technical components with Gabagool, a credential phishing kit.

A search in ANY.RUN Threat Intelligence for the unique module paths of SkyW4lker url:”/js/client_geo.js” or url:”/js/url_helper.js” or url:”/js/endpoint.js”) also returns sandbox sessions tagged gabagool. Gabagool was first observed on 23 April 2026, two months before SkyW4lker, and has used the endpoint.js and url_helper.js modules since late April and early May. The two kits share several other features:

Feature

SkyW4lker

Gabagool

First seen

23 June 2026

23 April 2026

Analyses in six months

618

458

Shared JavaScript modules

client_geo.js, url_helper.js, endpoint.js (since July 2026)

client_geo.js, url_helper.js, endpoint.js (since late April 2026)

Visit endpoint

/assets/php/endpoints/confirm_visit.php

/assets/php/endpoints/confirm_visit.php

Self-hosted CAPTCHA

/assets/private_captcha/public/widget.js?v=4

/assets/private_captcha/public/widget.js?v=4

Landing token

zt[A-Za-z0-9]{32}op; it[A-Za-z0-9]{32}us from 10 August

zt[A-Za-z0-9]{32}op; it[A-Za-z0-9]{32}us from 5 August

Same directory on shared hosts

5200m[.]com/kvme2/ (16 Oct), torvion[.]life/ofulium/ (5 Oct), ghethim[.]com/hyllen/ (28 Sep – 2 Oct)

5200m[.]com/kvme2/ (15 Oct), torvion[.]life/ofulium/ (6 Oct), ghethim[.]com/hyllen/ (8 Oct)

Hosting

mostly DigitalOcean

mostly DigitalOcean; shared IP 172.86.85[.]51 (priorispace[.]biz)

Main endpoint

session_public.php (device-code phishing)

accounts.php (login and password harvesting)

Moreover, some sandbox sessions tagged gabagool load the kit from directories named skywalker:

goldcreekconcrete[.]com/example/skywalker/ (sandbox session) and goldcreekconcrete[.]com/skywalker/example/ (sandbox session). On goldcreekconcrete[.]org, which also hosted Gabagool (sandbox session), the directory /skyw4lker/skydirectory/ with the same modules appeared on 29 September (sandbox session).

We therefore assess with high confidence that Gabagool and SkyW4lker are built by the same developer. Gabagool harvests logins and passwords through accounts.php, whereas SkyW4lker abuses the device-code flow through session_public.php, so we regard them as two attack modes of one platform. The identical directories on shared hosts may also point to a common operator; however, the available data does not allow us to distinguish one operator from several customers of the same platform.

How to Detect SkyW4lker and Reduce Enterprise Exposure

The SkyW4lker investigation reveals several technical indicators and attack patterns that security teams can use to identify related phishing activity. For organizations, these findings also highlight opportunities to strengthen identity security and reduce the impact of potential account compromise.

For SOC Analysts and Threat Hunters

  • Hunt for SkyW4lker’s technical fingerprints. Look for requests to /session_public.php?action=start and repeated /session_public.php?action=poll calls. Check the JavaScript modules and URL patterns identified in this research to uncover related infrastructure.

  • Connect phishing activity with suspicious sign-ins. Monitor Microsoft Entra ID logs for unexpected device-code authentication, particularly following suspicious emails or document-sharing requests. Correlating authentication events with phishing indicators can help identify potential account compromise.

  • Expand investigations beyond individual IOCs. ANY.RUN’s newly introduced Related Threat Context puts connected sandbox analyses at analysts’ fingertips, with a one-click pivot to threat intelligence context for deeper threat hunting. In the SkyW4lker investigation, this helped expand the campaign cluster, while further analysis revealed shared infrastructure and code similarities with Gabagool.

  • Investigate potential follow-on activity. When account compromise is suspected, review subsequent Microsoft 365 activity to identify affected resources, unauthorized access, and possible attempts to target other users.

Give Tier 1 the evidence to make faster decisions.
Keep more cases at Tier 1 with 30% fewer escalations.

Improve SOC Efficiency

For CISOs and Security Leaders

SkyW4lker demonstrates why organizations need to look beyond traditional phishing prevention and MFA when evaluating identity security. Three priorities deserve attention:

  • Close authentication policy gaps. Review where device-code authentication is genuinely required. Restrict or block unnecessary use through Microsoft Entra Conditional Access to reduce opportunities for attackers to abuse legitimate authentication flows.

  • Strengthen detection across email and identity systems. Ensure the SOC can connect suspicious attachments, phishing infrastructure, and unusual authentication events. Better visibility across these stages helps teams identify potential compromises before attackers expand their access.

  • Reduce investigation time and escalation costs. Equip Tier 1 analysts with historical threat context and clear escalation criteria. Establish procedures for containing compromised accounts and reviewing unauthorized activity, helping Tier 2 teams focus on incidents requiring deeper investigation.

Conclusion

SkyW4lker continues to evolve, with new endpoints, changing URL patterns, and growing activity across sandbox analyses. Its connection to Gabagool suggests that the same developer is supporting both device-code and credential phishing, giving attackers different ways to compromise business accounts through shared infrastructure.

For organizations, the findings highlight a broader security challenge: attackers are increasingly exploiting legitimate authentication processes and trusted business services, making malicious activity harder to distinguish from normal operations.

As phishing kits evolve, security teams need more than traditional email filtering and MFA. Stronger identity controls, visibility into suspicious authentication activity, and access to connected threat context can help SOCs identify attacks earlier, investigate them faster, and reduce the potential impact on business operations.

About ANY.RUN

ANY.RUN provides cybersecurity solutions that help SOC and MSSP teams detect and investigate threats, make faster decisions, and reduce the time and resources spent on incident response.

The company’s solutions include Interactive Sandbox for analyzing suspicious files, URLs, and phishing attack chains, and ANY.RUN Threat Intelligence with Threat Intelligence Lookup, Threat Intelligence Feeds, and Threat Intelligence Reports. Together, these solutions help security teams uncover related threat activity, track evolving attack infrastructure, and strengthen detection with intelligence from real-world investigations.

Today, ANY.RUN is trusted by more than 16,000 organizations and 700,000 security professionals worldwide. The company is SOC 2 Type II certified, with security controls designed to protect customer data.

TTPs (MITRE ATT&CK)

Tactic

Technique

Procedure

Reconnaissance

T1589.002 Gather Victim Identity Information: Email Addresses

The SkyW4lker operator collected recipient e-mail addresses to personalise phishing links using the landing-URL suffix ? or ?? after /it[A-Za-z0-9]{32}us.

Reconnaissance

T1590.005 Gather Victim Network Information: IP Addresses

The SkyW4lker phishing kit recorded the visitor's IP address, ISP, organisation and location to profile victims using client_geo.js and the request /assets/php/endpoints/session_public.php?action=start&ip=…&isp=…&org=…&org_type=.

Resource Development

T1583.001 Acquire Infrastructure: Domains

The SkyW4lker operator registered look-alike domains of real companies to host phishing pages using typo-squatted names under Microsoft-themed subdomain chains, e.g. sdocshares.auth.outlook2026common.copilos26.csr-rooflng[.]com and pdocshared.payments2026.outlooks.common.ecmholdlnggroup[.]com.

Resource Development

T1583.001 Acquire Infrastructure: Domains

The SkyW4lker operator obtained free dynamic-DNS subdomains to host phishing pages using flow505.mooo[.]com, bigbrain.chickenkiller[.]com and off365acess.jumpingcrab[.]com.

Resource Development

T1583.003 Acquire Infrastructure: Virtual Private Server

The SkyW4lker operator rented virtual private servers to run the PHP backend using DigitalOcean hosting (50 of 92 backend IP addresses), e.g. 162.243.64[.]121 and 67.205.154[.]32.

Resource Development

T1608.005 Stage Capabilities: Link Target

The SkyW4lker operator staged intermediate pages to forward victims to the kit using public cloud buckets and site builders, e.g. pub-177b3aa5a54d4f9087a649de5ec766d5.r2[.]dev/docsonedrive2026.html, carcabaoperadologistca.fr-par-1.linodeobjects[.]com/document_excel.html and bethom-contracting-llc.mintlify[.]site.

Initial Access

T1566.001 Phishing: Spearphishing Attachment

The SkyW4lker operator sent password-protected attachments to deliver the phishing link using PDF, XLS, DOCX and EML lures named -protected.pdf or DOC <10 random characters>.pdf, e.g. SHA256 9aa0b87974b9b4cd42603833b7ad44257578467d279b315a071108a5ed02c268.

Initial Access

T1566.002 Phishing: Spearphishing Link

The SkyW4lker operator sent links hosted on legitimate services to pass e-mail reputation checks using Google Sites, Axure Cloud and Smartsheet pages and the maps.google[.]ie/url?q= redirect, e.g. sites.google[.]com/heatherrasekhomes.com/talbert-manufacturing-inc-0049/home.

Execution

T1204.001 User Execution: Malicious Link

The SkyW4lker phishing kit relied on the victim opening the landing link to start a phishing session using the path //it[A-Za-z0-9]{32}us.

Defense Evasion

T1656 Impersonation

The SkyW4lker operator imitated routine business correspondence to make the lures credible using subjects such as New Submission From , Approved Statement and Fedwire Funds Service Processed-()-.

Defense Evasion

T1497 Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion

The SkyW4lker phishing kit placed a CAPTCHA in front of the phishing page to hide it from automated scanners using Cloudflare Turnstile and the self-hosted /assets/private_captcha/public/widget.js?v=4 with /assets/php/endpoints/private_captcha_challenge.php.

Defense Evasion

T1027 Obfuscated Files or Information

The SkyW4lker phishing kit obfuscated its JavaScript to hinder analysis using obfuscator.io-style code (520 of 618 analyses carry the obfuscated-js tag).

Credential Access

T1528 Steal Application Access Token

The SkyW4lker phishing kit abused the Microsoft OAuth 2.0 device-code flow to obtain the victim's access tokens using login.microsoft[.]com/device and login.microsoftonline[.]com/common/oauth2/deviceauth while polling /assets/php/endpoints/session_public.php?action=poll&session_id=.

Collection

T1056.003 Input Capture: Web Portal Capture

The SkyW4lker phishing kit logged the victim's e-mail, password, browser, MFA status and country to collect credentials using endpoint.js and the backend php/endpoints/accounts.php.

IOCs

All indicators were observed in ANY.RUN analyses between 23 June and 21 October 2026.

URL patterns:

Pattern

Purpose

Seen

//it[A-Za-z0-9]{32}us

Landing page token; may end with ? or ??

2026-08-10 – 2026-10-19

//zt[A-Za-z0-9]{32}op

Earlier landing page token

2026-06-25 – 2026-09-28

/assets/php/endpoints/session_public.php?action=start&ip=&ip_address=&country=&country_code=&IP[ip]=&IP[country]=&city=…®ion=…&timezone=…&isp=…&org=…[&org_type=IPv4]

Session registration with visitor geolocation

2026-06-23 – 2026-10-21

/assets/php/endpoints/session_public.php?action=poll&session_id=

Polling of device-code authentication status

2026-06-23 – 2026-10-21

/assets/js/client_geo.js

Visitor geolocation module

2026-07-07 – 2026-10-19

/assets/js/endpoint.js

Session state and credential logging module

2026-07-22 – 2026-10-20

/assets/js/url_helper.js

URL helper module

2026-07 – 2026-10

/assets/php/endpoints/confirm_visit.php

Visit confirmation endpoint

2026-08-31 – 2026-10-15

/assets/private_captcha/public/widget.js?v=4, /assets/private_captcha/public/widget.css, /assets/php/endpoints/private_captcha_challenge.php

Self-hosted CAPTCHA gate

2026-07-07 – 2026-09-28

/assets/php/attach/js/mstoken_document_(adobe|onedrive|excel)_[A-Za-z0-9]{50}.js

Brand-specific document script

2026-07-20 – 2026-10-20

(docshare|sdocshares|pdocshared|pdfdocshared|efaxdoc|reauth|statement|copilot|login|auth).*(outlook|onedrive|copilot|office365).*.

Microsoft-themed hostname chain on look-alike domains

2026-06 – 2026-10

Domains hosting the phishing kit (173):

0350pvas.acs-wcst[.]com

0ff365access.mooo[.]com

0utlook0ffice365admin.twilightparadox[.]com

1355bcra.ck29material[.]com

1717emxr.acs-wcst[.]com

5200m[.]com

5375jngu.prefform[.]us

6662nyde.acs-wcst[.]com

6695lkmo.prefform[.]us

7301eqny.acs-wcst[.]com

7criccasinobonus[.]cc

aachem-za[.]co

accordhealth[.]cc

acrobat-adobe-com-4464uswc.egllo[.]com

advancedsteelbuilding[.]com

alasilla[.]com

albertamo[.]com

alfabricationinc[.]com

apexpartsdepot[.]com

apinows[.]com

atlantictriad.ignorelist[.]com

atlassgroupinc[.]com

auth-loadingdocuments[.]online

auth.login.office365.cloud.onedrive.outlook.atlarchitacts[.]com

authorize.copilot.outlook.common.microsoft0365.atlarchitacts[.]com

awemode.outlookoffice365.microsoftcopilots.docshare.linnwest[.]us

azgymfloor[.]com

bandg-electrics[.]com

bennett002.mooo[.]com

bezpartien[.]online

bigbrain.chickenkiller[.]com

bloomfleldcapital[.]com

bramum[.]online

buckslu[.]org

bxcelcounselling[.]org

caine-wenier[.]com

calebchemicals[.]com

calmechc[.]net

canacedesotogroup[.]com

celestialtremor[.]org

celliottelliott-wellman[.]org

celvarioncorn[.]org

centipedtourspa[.]com

claronevents[.]com

cleggs.my03[.]com

clingard[.]pro

clubdenut[.]club

copilot.login.office365outlook.cloud.onedrive.atlarchitacts[.]com

copilots.outlook.cloud.microsoft.andersonelevators[.]com

copilots.outlook.cloud.microsoft.syrosconstructlon[.]com

coreansdmain[.]com

csr-rooflng[.]com

ctr-wooding[.]com

darap-it[.]co

detroitgardenswork[.]com

devtachsales[.]com

dguidrycardinazprofessional[.]com

docshare.auth.copilot.outlook.onedrive.common.earthlink-net[.]com

docshare.auth.copilot.outlook.onedrive.common.evergreenerg[.]com

docshare.auth.copilot.outlook.onedrive.common.northemheating[.]com

docshare.auth.copilot.outlook.onedrive.common0.evergreenerg[.]com

docshare.auth.copilot.outlookonedrive.common.northemheating[.]com

docshare.auth2026.onedrive.outlooksdocument.csr-rooflng[.]com

docshares.auth2026.outlookcommon.copilots.commm.csr-rooflng[.]com

document.akiflx[.]com

dpincoli[.]com

dutchfarrms[.]com

eccentric-authentication[.]com

ecosys.newdocument2026.pdfdocshared.tntileandmarbleinc[.]com

efaxdoc.auth.login.outlook.office365.tescoccontrols[.]com

efaxdoc.auth.outlook2026common.copilos26.bettylnc[.]com

efaxdoc.auth.outlook2026common.copilos26.ikextal-co-kr[.]com

efaxdoc.auth.outlook2026common.copilos26.kone-inc[.]com

efaxdoc.documents2026.cmc.docs.shared.matchlinemechanicallc[.]com

efaxdoc.documents2026.docs.shared.lakeviewscustom[.]com

eurosforgroup[.]com

flow505.mooo[.]com

flow55.chickenkiller[.]com

fosterswifts[.]com

frontdesk[.]click

gcotoncovingtoncontracting[.]com

ghethim[.]com

glafondbottamconstruction[.]com

globlasumi[.]com

gregor.justdied[.]com

grincool[.]xyz

haevy-llc[.]com

hcnyecom[.]com

hivezoom[.]com

ideahom[.]world

incommecialre[.]com

innvisoin[.]net

insigthinvestments[.]com

investomind[.]biz

jacobpwpinc[.]org

jjnysnobiogtx[.]org

kilishy.qhigh[.]com

kuer[.]online

lampadasdeslgn[.]com

lawyer.cuztools[.]com

lifetimeroofsystem[.]net

linking.mefound[.]com

linogomes-pt[.]cc

lionheartsecurityservice[.]com

liyuda[.]com

login.microsoft365.outlook.copilotsoffice365.lntactpr[.]com

login.office365outlooks.microsoft.cloud-outlook.naregruop[.]com

m365cloud.login.outlook.office365.azgymfloor[.]com

maqaigiapelhani[.]cam

metlarnelaw[.]com

metrorocl.co[.]uk

mgproparties[.]com

minda-mo[.]com

mouphyweb[.]com

naregruop[.]com

nicewayrealestate[.]cc

noxband[.]com

off365acess.jumpingcrab[.]com

off365mail[.]club

office0365login.2waky[.]com

outlookdrive.microsoftonline.common.oauth2.client.buycerm[.]com

outlookoffice365.microsoftcopilots.vigilantlnc[.]com

paulecosconnect[.]com

payapp.auth.outlook2026common.copilos26.bettylnc[.]com

pdfdocshared.auth.outlook2026common.copilos26.ikextal-co-kr[.]com

pdlhaelth[.]com

pdocshared.documents2026.docs.shared.ecmholdlnggroup[.]com

pdocshared.payments2026.outlooks.common.ecmholdlnggroup[.]com

photosofus[.]com

plusoptlx[.]com

priorispace[.]biz

psionicsandhorses[.]net

rapid-scale[.]net

reauth.copilot.auth.outlook.mcloud365.buycerm[.]com

reauth.copilot.auth.outlook.mcloud365.myhalnc[.]com

reauth.copilot.common.outlook.mcloud365.atlarchitacts[.]com

reauth.docs.copilot.auth02.outlook.mcloud365.argentventuras[.]com

rektham[.]online

rubinsrudman[.]com

rustlnsurance[.]com

sdocshares.auth.outlook.copilos26.general.csr-rooflng[.]com

sdocshares.auth.outlook2026common.copilos26.csr-rooflng[.]com

sdocshares.authoutlooks.common.copilots2026.hathormson[.]com

seatacsmarine[.]com

sedocs.docs.payrol2026.common.copilots2026.vatrarnsformer[.]com

shared.paymentsclouds.statementsapproved.jetbusinesscapltal[.]com

slybee[.]com

snk-s[.]org

solutions00fileptroduct[.]com

sorensenmaysflower[.]blog

statement.docdriveoauth.authorized.copilot.syrosconstructlon[.]com

statement.outlookoffice365.microsoftcopilots.calmechc[.]net

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stellarntis-fs[.]com

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sunstateaquips[.]com

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tentkit[.]com

thepaybank[.]com

thewiginton[.]com

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torvion[.]life

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westlakeproduces[.]com

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wsochares.authpayments.common.paid2026.bullochdirtwroks[.]com

wwriwashingtonenergy[.]com

zrs-wooding[.]com